The .NET Framework's Linked List

Introduction

A linked list is a collection of values or objects with the following rules:

• Each item in the list is called a node (this is not an actual rule but a habit or a suggestion)

• If the list is empty, it may have one item referred to as null
• If the list was just empty, when a new node is added, that node becomes the first and last item
• If the list has only one node, that node represents the first and the last item

  

• If the list contains at least one node, whenever a new node is added, that new node is positioned as the last in the list. This is because the new node is added next to the existing node
• If the list contains more than one node, each item holds a reference to the object next to it

In reality, there are various types of linked lists. A singly linked list is a one-way directional list where each item points (only) to the item next to it (in a somewhat right direction). The description we just gave is conform to a singly linked list. Another type is the doubly linked list:

• Each item in the list is called a node (again, this is not a real rule)
• If the list is empty, it may have one item referred to as null or two items referred to as nulls
• If a new node is added to an empty list, that node is added as the first in the collection
• If the list contains one node, that node has two references to itself: one reference as the next and the other reference as its previous
• If the list contains two nodes:
  • One node is the first. That first node holds a reference to the other node as its next
  • The other node is the last. That last node holds a reference to the first node as its previous item
• If the list contains more than two nodes:
  • The first node holds a reference to the next node (in the right direction)
  • The last node holds a reference to the node previous to it (in the left direction)
  • Each node holds two references: one reference to the previous node and one reference to the next node

The last type of linked list is called a circular linked list. This list is primarily created as either a singly linked list or a doubly linked list:

• In a circular singly linked list, the list primarily follows the rules of a singly linked list. then:
  • If the list has two nodes, the first node holds a reference to the other node as its next and its previous node
  • If the list has more than one node:
    • The first node holds a reference to the last node as its previous object
    • The last node holds a reference to first node as its next

• In a doubly linked list, the list includes the rules of the doubly linked list and combines with those of the circular singly linked list:
  • The first node has a reference to the last node as its previous node
  • The last node has a reference to the first node as its next node
  • Each node has two references: its previous and its next nodes

Practical Learning Introducing Linked Lists

1. Start Microsoft Visual Studio
2. To create a new application, on the main menu, click Fil -> New -> Project...
3. In the middle list, click ASP.NET Web Application (.NET Framerork)
4. Change the project Name to TrafficTicketsSystem1
5. Click OK
6. In the New ASP.NET Web Application dialog box, click the MVC icon
7. Click OK
8. In the Solution Explorer, right-click TrafficTicketsSystem1 -> Add -> New Folder
9. Type Images as the name of the folder, and press Enter
10. Copy and paste the following pictures to the Images folder:
    
    
11. In the Solution Explorer, right-click Contents -> Add -> Style Sheet
12. In the text box, type TrafficTicketsSystem
13. Click OK
14. Change the document as follows:
    

    body {
        background-color: #FCFBED;
    }
    
    footer                  { background-color: #2e0202;              }
    .bold                   { font-weight:      600;                  }
    .yellow                 { color:            yellow;               }
    .maroon                 { color:            maroon;               }
    .small-text             { width:            120px;                }
    .large-text             { width:            250px;                }
    .flat-text              { border:           1px solid #FCFBED;
                              background-color: #FCFBED;              }
    .push-down              { padding-top:      6.75em;               }
    .containment            { margin:           auto;
                              width:            400px;                }
    .large-content          { margin:           auto;
                              width:            600px;                }
    .box-title              { margin-left:      20px;
                              border-bottom:    1px dashed white;     }
    .bottom-title           { margin-left:      40px;
                              margin-top:       10px;
                              color:            #d9d758;
                              border-bottom:    1px dashed lightblue; }
    .bottom-title + ul      { list-style-type:  none;                 }
    .bottom-title + ul > li { margin-top:       5px;
                              margin-bottom:    5px;                  }
    .management             { background-color: rgb(145, 65, 15);     }
    .management > ul        { list-style-type:  none;                 }
    .management > ul > li   { margin-top:       5px;
                              margin-bottom:    5px;
                              margin-left:     -20px;                 }
    .manage-lead            { color:            antiquewhite;         }
    .manage-lead:link       { color:            orange;               }
    .manage-lead:focus      { color:            white;                }
    .manage-lead:hover      { color:            yellow;               }
    .bottom-lead            { color:            antiquewhite;         }
    .bottom-lead:link       { color:            orange;               }
    .bottom-lead:focus      { color:            white;                }
    .bottom-lead:hover      { color:            yellow;               }
    .bordered               { border:           1px solid #000;       }
    .navbar-fixed-top       { top:              6em;                  }
    .while-box              { margin:           3px;
                              background-color: white;
                              border-left:      1px solid #f1e9e9;
                              border-top:       1px solid #f1e9e9;
                              border-right:     2px solid silver;
                              border-bottom:    2px solid silver;     }
    .navbar-top-fixed       { position:         fixed;
                              right:            0;
                              left:             0;
                              z-index:          1030;                 }
    .navbar-top-fixed       { top:              0;
                              border-width:     0 0 1px;              }
    .navbar-inverse         { background-color: #000;                 }
    .navbar-brand           { font-size:        14px;                 }
    
    .col-md-20, .col-md-30, .col-md-60
                            { position:         relative;
                              min-height:       1px;
                              padding-right:    15px;
                              padding-left:     15px;                 }
    
    @media (min-width: 768px) {
        .navbar-top-fixed .navbar-collapse {
            padding-right: 0;
            padding-left: 0;
        }
    }
    .navbar-top-fixed .navbar-collapse {
        max-height: 340px;
    }
    @media (max-device-width: 480px) and (orientation: landscape) {
        .navbar-top-fixed .navbar-collapse {
            max-height: 200px;
        }
    }
    @media (min-width: 768px) {
        .navbar-top-fixed {
            border-radius: 0;
        }
    }
    
    @media (min-width: 992px) {
        .col-md-20, .col-md-30, .col-md-60 {
            float: left;
        }
    
        .col-md-20 { width: 20%; }
        .col-md-30 { width: 32%; }
        .col-md-60 { width: 60%; }
    }
    
    .common-font { font-family: Georgia, Garamond, 'Times New Roman', serif; }

15. In the Solution Explorer, expand App_Start and click BundleConfig.cs
16. Change the class as follows:

    using System.Web.Optimization;
    
    namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1
    {
        public class BundleConfig
        {
            // For more information on bundling, visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=301862
            public static void RegisterBundles(BundleCollection bundles)
            {
                bundles.Add(new ScriptBundle("~/bundles/jquery").Include(
                            "~/Scripts/jquery-{version}.js"));
    
                bundles.Add(new ScriptBundle("~/bundles/jqueryval").Include(
                            "~/Scripts/jquery.validate*"));
    
                // Use the development version of Modernizr to develop with and learn from. Then, when you're
                // ready for production, use the build tool at https://modernizr.com to pick only the tests you need.
                bundles.Add(new ScriptBundle("~/bundles/modernizr").Include(
                            "~/Scripts/modernizr-*"));
    
                bundles.Add(new ScriptBundle("~/bundles/bootstrap").Include(
                          "~/Scripts/bootstrap.js"));
    
                bundles.Add(new StyleBundle("~/Content/css").Include(
                          "~/Content/bootstrap.css",
                          "~/Content/site.css",
                          "~/Content/TrafficTicketsSystem.css"));
            }
        }
    }

17. To create a new class, in the Solution Explorer, right-click Models -> Add -> Class...
18. Type Camera as the name of the class
19. Click Add
20. Change the class as follows:

    using System;
    using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
    
    namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models
    {
        [Serializable]
        public class Camera
        {
            [Display(Name = "Camera #")]
            public string CameraNumber { get; set; }
            public string Make         { get; set; }
            public string Model        { get; set; }
            public string Location     { get; set; }
    
            public override bool Equals(object obj)
            {
                Camera cmr = (Camera)obj;
    
                if (cmr.CameraNumber == CameraNumber)
                    return true;
                else
                    return false;
            }
    
            public override int GetHashCode()
            {
                return base.GetHashCode();
            }
        }
    }

21. In the Solution Explorer, right-click Models -> Add -> Class...
22. Set the Name to ViolationType
23. Click Add
24. Change the document as follows:

    using System;
    using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
    
    namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models
    {
        [Serializable]
        public class ViolationType
        {
            [Display(Name = "Violation Name")]
            public string ViolationName { get; set; }
            public string Description { get; set; }
    
            public override bool Equals(object obj)
            {
                ViolationType vt = (ViolationType)obj;
    
                return vt.ViolationName == ViolationName ? true : false;
            }
    
            public override int GetHashCode()
            {
                return base.GetHashCode();
            }
        }
    }

25. In the Solution Explorer, right-click Controllerss -> Add -> Controller...
26. In the middle list of the Add Scaffold dilaog box, click MVC 5 Controller With Read/Write Actions
27. Click Add
28. Type ViolationsTypes to get ViolationsTypesController
29. Click Add

Creating a Linked List

Although you can create a linked list collection class from scratch, to assist you, the .NET Framework provides a class named LinkedList that is a member of the System.Collections.Generic namespace. LinkedList is a generic collection class with three constructors. The default constructor allows you to create an empty linked list. IfHere is an example of using it:

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Fundamentals.Controllers
{
    public class ExerciseController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Exercise()
        {
            LinkedList<string> foodItems = new LinkedList<string>();

            return View();
        }
    }
}
        LinkedList<double> numbers = new LinkedList<double>();
    }
}

Of course you can also declare a LinkedList variable in a view. Here is an example:

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Exercise";
}

<h2>Exercise</h2>

@{
    LinkedList<string> students = new LinkedList<string>();
}

Another constructor allows you to create a linked using an existing list. Its syntax is:

public LinkedList(IEnumerable<T> collection);

The argument can be a variable from any class that implements the IEnumerable<T> interface. Here is an example of using this second constructor:

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Exercise1.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Exercise01()
        {
            List<double> values = new List<double>();
            
            values.Add(84.597);
            values.Add(6.47);
            values.Add(2747.06);
            values.Add(282.924);

            LinkedList<double> numbers = new LinkedList<double>(values);

            return View();
        }
    }
}

Practical Learning Creating a Linked List

1. Change the document as follows:

   using System.IO;
   using System.Web.Mvc;
   using System.Collections.Generic;
   using TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models;
   using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
   
   namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Controllers
   {
       public class ViolationsTypesController : Controller
       {
           // GET: ViolationsTypes
           public ActionResult Index()
           {
               FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
               BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
               LinkedList<ViolationType> categories = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
               string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
   
               // If a file for violations types was proviously created, open it
               if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
               {
                   using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                   {
                       /* After opening the file, get the list of records from it
                        * and store in the declared LinkedList<> variable. */
                       categories = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
                   }
               }
   
               return View(categories);
           }
   
           . . .
       }
   }

2. In the Solution Explorer, right-click Controllers -> Add -> New Scaffolded Item...
3. In the left list of the Add Scaffold dialog box, click MVC and, in the middle list, click MVC 5 Controller With Read/Write Actions
4. Click Add
5. Type Cameras to get CamerasController
6. Click Add
7. Change the class as follows:

   using System.IO;
   using System.Web.Mvc;
   using System.Collections.Generic;
   using TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models;
   using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
   
   namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Controllers
   {
       public class CamerasController : Controller
       {
           // GET: Cameras
           public ActionResult Index()
           {
               FileStream fsCameras = null;
               BinaryFormatter bfCameras = new BinaryFormatter();
               LinkedList<Camera> cameras = new LinkedList<Camera>();
               string strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
   
               // If a file for Cameras records was proviously created, open it
               if (System.IO.File.Exists(strCamerasFile))
               {
                   using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                   {
                       /* After opening the file, get the list of records from it
                        * and store in the declared LinkedList<> variable. */
                       cameras = (LinkedList<Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
                   }
               }
   
               return View(cameras);
           }
   
           . . .
       }
   }

Introduction to a Node as an Object

Introduction

As mentioned already, it is a tradition to call an item of a linked list a node. To define a node as a true object, the .NET Framework provides a sealed class named LinkedListNode:

public sealed class LinkedListNode<T>

This class has only properties, no methods.

The Value of a Node

Probably the most important aspect of a node is its value. To support it, the LinkedListNode class has a property named Value:

public T Value { get; set; }

Because this is a read-write property, you can use its write-accessory to specify or change its value. On the other hand, you can access the value of a node using this property.

Fundamental Operations on a Linked List

The Number of Nodes of a List

The LinkedList class starts as follows:

public class LinkedList<T> : ICollection<T>, 
            		         IEnumerable<T>,
            		         ICollection, IEnumerable,
            		         ISerializable,
            		         IDeserializationCallback

As you can see, the LinkedList class implements the ICollection interface. This gives it a Count property that produces the number of nodes. Here is an example of accessing it:

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Exercise1.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Exercise()
        {
            List<double> values = new List<double>();
            values.Add(84.597);
            values.Add(6.47);
            values.Add(2747.06);
            values.Add(282.924);

            LinkedList<double> numbers = new LinkedList<double>(values);t

            ViewData["NumberOfItems"] = numbers.Countt;
            return View();
        }
    }
}
----------------------------------
@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Exercise";
}

<h2>Exercise</h2>

@{ 
    <p>The list contains @ViewData["NumberOfItems"] numbers.</p>
}

This would produce:

Adding a Node

The primary operation to perform on a linked list is to add a new node to it. To support this operation, the LinkedList class is equipped with various methods. One of them is named AddLast that is overloaded in two versions. One of them uses the following syntax:

public LinkedListNode<T> AddLast(T value);

This method expects the new value as argument. Here is an example of calling it:

public ActionResult Exercise()
{
    LinkedList<string> foodItems = new LinkedList<string>();

    foodItems.AddLast("General Tso's Chicken");
    
    return View();
}

Another version of this method is:

public void AddLast(LinkedListNode<T> node);

This version expects a LinkedListNode object as argument. Here is an example of calling it:

public ActionResult Exercise()
{
    LinkedList<double> numbers = new LinkedList<double>();

    LinkedListNode<double> number = new LinkedListNode<double>(148.24);

    numbers.AddLast(number);
    
    return View();
}

In the same way, you can call the LinkedList.AddLast() method to add new items. Here are examples:

public ActionResult Exercise()
{
    LinkedList<double> numbers = new LinkedList<double>();

    LinkedListNode<double> number = new LinkedListNode<double>(148.24);
    numbers.AddFirst(number);

    number = new LinkedListNode<double>(35.75);
    numbers.AddLast(number);

    number = new LinkedListNode<double>(2222.06);
    numbers.AddLast(number);

    number = new LinkedListNode<double>(4.19);
    numbers.AddLast(number);

    number = new LinkedListNode<double>(66.18);
    numbers.AddLast(number);
    
    return View();
}

Practical Learning: Adding a Node

1. Click the ViolationsTypesController.cs tab to access the class
2. Change the second Create() method as follows:

   using System.IO;
   using System.Web.Mvc;
   using System.Collections.Generic;
   using TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models;
   using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
   
   namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Controllers
   {
       public class ViolationsTypesController : Controller
       {
           // GET: ViolationsTypes
           public ActionResult Index()
           {
               FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
               BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
               LinkedList<ViolationType> categories = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
               string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
   
               // If a file for violations types was proviously created, open it
               if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
               {
                   using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                   {
                       /* After opening the file, get the list of records from it
                        * and store in the declared LinkedList<> variable. */
                       categories = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
                   }
               }
   
               return View(categories);
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/Details/5
           public ActionResult Details(int id)
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/Create
           public ActionResult Create()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // POST: ViolationsTypes/Create
           [HttpPost]
           public ActionResult Create(FormCollection collection)
           {
               try
               {
                   // TODO: Add insert logic here
                   FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
                   BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<ViolationType> categories = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
                   string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
   
                   if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["ViolationName"]))
                   {
                       if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
                       {
                           using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                           {
                               categories = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
                           }
                       }
   
                       ViolationType vt = new ViolationType()
                       {
                           ViolationName = collection["ViolationName"],
                           Description = collection["Description"],
                       };
   
                       categories.AddLast(vt);
   
                       using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                       {
                           bfViolationsTypes.Serialize(fsViolationsTypes, categories);
                       }
                   }
                   
                   return RedirectToAction("Index");
               }
               catch
               {
                   return View();
               }
           }
   
           . . .
          
       }
   }

3. Right-click inside any of the Create() methods -> Add View...
4. In the Add View dialog box, make sure the View Name text box is displaying Create.
   Click Add
5. Create its form as follows:

   @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.ViolationType
   
   @{
       ViewBag.Title = "Create Violation Type";
   }
   
   <h2 class="common-font text-center bold maroon">Create Violation Type<</h2>
   
   <hr />
   
   @using (Html.BeginForm())
   {
       @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
   
       <div class="large-content">
           <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
               @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
               <div class="form-group">
                   @Html.LabelFor(model => model.ViolationName, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                   <div class="col-md-7">
                       @Html.EditorFor(model => model.ViolationName, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                       @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.ViolationName, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                   </div>
               </div>
   
               <div class="form-group">
                   @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Description, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                   <div class="col-md-7">
                       @Html.TextArea("Description", null,
                                      htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", rows = "10", cols = "20" })
                       @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Description, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                   </div>
               </div>
   
               <div class="form-group">
                   <div class="col-md-5"></div>
                   <div class="col-md-7 text-center">
                       <input type="submit" value="Save this Violation Type" class="btn btn-warning" />
                   </div>
               </div>
           </div>
       </div>
   }
   <hr />
   <p class="text-center">
       @Html.ActionLink("Violations Types", "Index") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Description of a Violation Type", "Details") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update a Violation Type", "PrepareEdit") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Delete a Violation Type", "Delete")
   </p>

Looking for a Node

A Linked List that Contains a Certain Node

Because the LinkedList class implements the ICollection interface, it inherits the Contains method. As a reminder, its syntax is:

public bool Contains(T value);

This method checks whether the linked list contains the (a) node that has the value passed as argument. If that node is found, the method returns true. Otherwise it returns false. Here is an example of calling it:

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Exercise1.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            ViewBag.Title = "Home Page";

            return View();
        }

        public ActionResult Exercise()
        {
            string conclusion = string.Empty;

            List<double> values = new List<double>();
            values.Add(84.597);
            values.Add(6.47);
            values.Add(2747.06);
            values.Add(282.924);

            LinkedList<double> numbers = new LinkedList<double>(values);
            LinkedListNode<double> number = new LinkedListNode<double>(148.24);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(35.75);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(2222.06);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(4.19);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(66.18);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            if (numbers.Contains(2222.06) == true)
                conclusion = "the list contains 2222.06.";
            else
                conclusion = "there is no such a number in the list.";

            ViewData["Message"] = conclusion;

            return View();
        }
    }
}
--------------------------------------------
@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Exercise";
}

<h2>Exercise</h2>

<p>After examining the list, we can conclude that @ViewData["Message"]</p>

This would produce:

This method works only if the type of the node is able to perform the comparison for equality. If you are using values of a primitive type (int, char, double, DateTime, etc) or string, the method would work fine. If you are using your own class, you should (must) override the Equals() method.

Finding a Node

While the LinkedList.Contains() method is used to find out whether a linked list has a certain value, it doesn't produce that value. If you want to get the actual node that has that value, you can call the LinkedList.Find() method. Its syntax is:

public LinkedListNode<T> Find(T value);

When this method is called, it starts looking for the value in the linked list. If it finds it, it returns its node. If there is more than one node with that value, the method returns only the first node that has that value. Here is an example of calling this method:

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Exercise1.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            ViewBag.Title = "Home Page";

            return View();
        }

        public ActionResult Exercise01()
        {
            string conclusion = string.Empty;

            List<double> values = new List<double>();
            values.Add(84.597);
            values.Add(6.47);
            values.Add(2747.06);
            values.Add(282.924);

            LinkedList<double> numbers = new LinkedList<double>(values);
            LinkedListNode<double> number = new LinkedListNode<double>(148.24);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(35.75);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(2222.06);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(4.19);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(66.18);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            if (numbers.Find(2747.06) != null)
                conclusion = "2747.06 was found in the list.";
            else
                conclusion = "2747.06 is nowhere in the list.";

            ViewData["Message"] = conclusion;

            return View();
        }
    }
}
----------------------------------------------
@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Exercise";
}

<h2>Exercise</h2>

<p>After examining the list, we can conclude that @ViewData["Message"]</p>

This would produce:

Practical Learning: Finding a Node

1. Click the ViolationsTypesController.cs tab to access it
2. Change the class as follows:

   using System.IO;
   using System.Web.Mvc;
   using System.Collections.Generic;
   using TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models;
   using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
   
   namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Controllers
   {
       public class ViolationsTypesController : Controller
       {
           // GET: ViolationsTypes
           public ActionResult Index()
           {
               FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
               BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
               LinkedList<ViolationType> categories = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
               string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
   
               // If a file for violations types was proviously created, open it
               if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
               {
                   using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                   {
                       /* After opening the file, get the list of records from it
                        * and store in the declared LinkedList<> variable. */
                       categories = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
                   }
               }
   
               return View(categories);
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/Details/5
           public ActionResult Details(int id)
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/Create
           public ActionResult Create()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // POST: ViolationsTypes/Create
           [HttpPost]
           public ActionResult Create(FormCollection collection)
           {
               try
               {
                   // TODO: Add insert logic here
                   FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
                   BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<ViolationType> categories = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
                   string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
   
                   if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["ViolationName"]))
                   {
                       if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
                       {
                           using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                           {
                               categories = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
                           }
                       }
   
                       ViolationType vt = new ViolationType()
                       {
                           ViolationName = collection["ViolationName"],
                           Description = collection["Description"],
                       };
   
                       categories.AddLast(vt);
   
                       using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                       {
                           bfViolationsTypes.Serialize(fsViolationsTypes, categories);
                       }
                   }
                   return RedirectToAction("Index");
               }
               catch
               {
                   return View();
               }
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/PrepareEdit/
           public ActionResult PrepareEdit()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/ConfirmEdit/
           public ActionResult ConfirmEdit(FormCollection collection)
           {
               if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["ViolationName"]))
               {
                   FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
                   ViolationType violationType = new ViolationType();
                   BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<ViolationType> violationsTypes = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
                   string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
   
                   if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
                   {
                       using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                       {
                           violationsTypes = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
                       }
   
                       violationType.ViolationName = collection["ViolationName"];
   
                       LinkedListNode<ViolationType> vt = violationsTypes.Find(violationType);
   
                       ViewData["ViolationName"] = collection["ViolationName"];
                       ViewData["Description"] = vt.Value.Description;
                   }
               }
   
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/Edit/5
           public ActionResult Edit(int id)
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // POST: ViolationsTypes/Edit/5
           [HttpPost]
           public ActionResult Edit(int id, FormCollection collection)
           {
               try
               {
                   // TODO: Add update logic here
                   FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
                   ViolationType violationType = new ViolationType();
                   BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<ViolationType> ViolationsTypes = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
                   string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
   
                   if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty("ViolationName"))
                   {
                       if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
                       {
                           using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                           {
                               ViolationsTypes = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
                           }
                       }
   
                       violationType.ViolationName = collection["ViolationName"];
   
                       LinkedListNode<ViolationType> vt = ViolationsTypes.Find(violationType);
   
                       vt.Value.Description = collection["Description"];
   
                       using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                       {
                           bfViolationsTypes.Serialize(fsViolationsTypes, ViolationsTypes);
                       }
                   }
   
                   return RedirectToAction("Index");
               }
               catch
               {
                   return View();
               }
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/PrepareDelete/
           public ActionResult PrepareDelete()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/ConfirmDelete/
           public ActionResult ConfirmDelete(FormCollection collection)
           {
               if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["ViolationName"]))
               {
                   FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
                   ViolationType violationType = new ViolationType();
                   BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<ViolationType> violationsTypes = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
                   string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
   
                   if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
                   {
                       using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                       {
                           violationsTypes = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
                       }
   
                       violationType.ViolationName = collection["ViolationName"];
   
                       LinkedListNode<ViolationType> vt = violationsTypes.Find(violationType);
   
                       ViewData["ViolationName"] = collection["ViolationName"];
                       ViewData["Description"] = vt.Value.Description;
                   }
               }
   
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/Delete/5
           public ActionResult Delete(int id)
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // POST: ViolationsTypes/Delete/5
           [HttpPost]
           public ActionResult Delete(int id, FormCollection collection)
           {
               try
               {
                   // TODO: Add delete logic here
   
                   return RedirectToAction("Index");
               }
               catch
               {
                   return View();
               }
           }
       }
   }

3. In the class, right-click Inside the Details() method and click Add View
4. Make sure the View Name is displaying Details.
   Click Add
5. Change the document as follows:

   @{
       ViewBag.Title = "Violation Type Details";
   }
   
   @{
       string strDescription = "";
       string strViolationName = string.Empty;
   
       if (IsPost)
       {
           strViolationName = Request["ViolationName"];
   
           FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
           string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
           TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.ViolationType category = new TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.ViolationType();
           LinkedList<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.ViolationType> categories = new LinkedList<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.ViolationType>();
           System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter();
   
           if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
           {
               using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
               {
                   categories = (LinkedList<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
               }
               category.ViolationName = strViolationName;
   
               LinkedListNode<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.ViolationType> type = categories.Find(category);
               strDescription = type.Value.Description;
           }
       }
   }
   
   <h2 class="common-font bold maroon text-center">Violation Type Details</h2>
   
   <hr />
   
   @using (Html.BeginForm())
   {
       <div class="large-content common-font">
           <table>
               <tr>
                   <td class="small-text bold maroon">Violation Name</td>
                   <td>@Html.TextBox("ViolationName", @strViolationName, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control small-text" })</td>
                   <td width="20">&nbsp;</td>
                   <td><input type="submit" value="Find" class="btn btn-warning small-text" /></td>
               </tr>
           </table>
           <br />
           <table>
               <tr>
                   <td class="small-text maroon bold">Description</td>
                   <td><textarea rows="10" cols="40" class="form-control">@strDescription</textarea></td>
               </tr>
           </table>
       </div>
   }
   
   <hr />
   
   <p class="text-center">
       @Html.ActionLink("Violations Types", "Index") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update Violation Type", "PrepareEdit") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Create New Violation Type", "Create") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Delete a Violation Type", "PrepareDelete")
   </p>

6. Click the ViolationsTypesController.cs tab
7. Right-click PrepareEdit() -> Add View...
8. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying PrepareEdit.
   Click Add
9. Change the document as follows:

   @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.ViolationType
   
   @{
       ViewBag.Title = "Prepare Violation Type Edit";
   }
   
   <h2 class="maroon common-font text-center bold">Prepare Violation Type Edition</h2>
   
   <hr />
   
   @using (Html.BeginForm("ConfirmEdit", "ViolationsTypes", FormMethod.Post))
   {
       @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
   
       <div class="large-content">
           <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
               @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
               <div class="form-group">
                   @Html.LabelFor(model => model.ViolationName, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-4 maroon" })
                   <div class="col-md-4">
                       @Html.EditorFor(model => model.ViolationName, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                       @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.ViolationName, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                   </div>
                   <div class="col-md-4">
                       <p><input type="submit" value="Find Violation Type" class="btn btn-warning" /></p>
                   </div>
               </div>
           </div>
       </div>
   }
   <hr />
   
   <p class="text-center">
       @Html.ActionLink("Violations Types", "Index") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Create New Violation Type", "Create") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Delete/Remove Violation Type", "PrepareDelete") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update Violation Type Definition", "PrepareEdit")
   </p>

10. Click the ViolationsTypesController.cs tab
11. In the class, right-click ConfirmEdit() -> Add View...
12. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying ConfirmEdit.
    Click Add
13. Create the form as follows:

    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Confirm Violation Type Edit";
    }
    
    <h2 class="maroon common-font text-center bold">Confirm Violation Type Edition</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm("Edit", "ViolationsTypes", FormMethod.Post))
    {
        <div class="common-font large-content">
            <table>
                <tr>
                    <td class="small-text bold maroon">Violation Name</td>
                    <td>@Html.TextBox("ViolationName", @ViewData["ViolationName"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                    <td></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="maroon small-text bold">Description</td>
                    <td>@Html.TextArea("Description", @ViewData["Description"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", rows = "10", cols = "50" })</td>
                </tr>
            </table>
        </div>
    
        <hr />
    
        <p class="text-center"><input type="submit" value="Save Camera Record" class="btn btn-warning" /></p>
        <div class="form-group">
            <label class="col-md-6 control-label"></label>
            <div class="col-md-6">
    
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Violations Types", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Create New Violation Type", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review Violation Type Definition", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Delete/Remove Violation Type", "PrepareDelete")
    </p>

14. Click the ViolationsTypesController.cs tab
15. In the class, right-click PrepareDelete() -> Add View...
16. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying PrepareDelete.
    Click Add
17. Create the form as follows:

    @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.ViolationType
    
    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Prepare Violation Type Delete";
    }
    
    <h2 class="maroon common-font text-center bold">Deleting Violation Type</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm("ConfirmDelete", "ViolationsTypes", FormMethod.Post))
    {
        @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    
        <div class="large-content">
            <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.ViolationName, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-4 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.ViolationName, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.ViolationName, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        <p><input type="submit" value="Find Violation Type" class="btn btn-warning" /></p>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Violations Types", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Create New Violation Type", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review a Violation Type", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update Violation Type Definition", "PrepareEdit")
    </p>

18. Click the ViolationsTypesController.cs tab
19. In the class, right-click the public ActionResult ConfirmDelete(FormCollection collection) line -> Add View...
20. Make sure the View Name of the Add View dialog box is displaying ConfirmDelete.
    Click Add
21. Create the form as follows:

    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Confirm Violation Type Delete";
    }
    
    <h2 class="maroon common-font text-center bold">Confirm Violation Type Deletion</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm("Delete", "ViolationsTypes", FormMethod.Post))
    {
        <div class="large-content">
            <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="vName" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Violation Name</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.TextBox("ViolationName", @ViewBag.ViolationName as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "vName" })
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="desc" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Description</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.TextArea("Description", @ViewBag.Description as string,
                                       htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", rows = "10", cols = "20", id = "desc" })
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    
        <hr />
    
        <div class="form-group">
            <label class="col-md-6 control-label"></label>
            <div class="col-md-6">
                <input type="submit" value="Delete this Violation Type" class="btn btn-warning" />
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Cameras", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Create New Camera", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review Camera Details", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update Camera Details", "PrepareEdit")
    </p>

Finding the Last Node

If the list contains more than one node that has the value but you prefer to use the last node, you can call the FindLast() method.

public LinkedListNode<T> FindLast(T value);

Once again, remember that these two methods are ready to work on primitive types. If you are using your own class for the type of node, you should (must) override the Equals() method.

Practical Learning: Finding the Last Node

1. Click the CamerasController.cs tab
2. Change the class as follows:

   using System.IO;
   using System.Web.Mvc;
   using System.Collections.Generic;
   using TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models;
   using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
   
   namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Controllers
   {
       public class CamerasController : Controller
       {
           // GET: Cameras
           public ActionResult Index()
           {
               FileStream fsCameras = null;
               BinaryFormatter bfCameras = new BinaryFormatter();
               LinkedList<Camera> cameras = new LinkedList<Camera>();
               string strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
   
               // If a file for Cameras records was proviously created, open it
               if (System.IO.File.Exists(strCamerasFile))
               {
                   using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                   {
                       /* After opening the file, get the list of records from it
                        * and store in the declared LinkedList<> variable. */
                       cameras = (LinkedList<Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
                   }
               }
   
               return View(cameras);
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/Details/5
           public ActionResult Details(int id)
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/Create
           public ActionResult Create()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // POST: Cameras/Create
           [HttpPost]
           public ActionResult Create(FormCollection collection)
           {
               try
               {
                   // TODO: Add insert logic here
   
                   return RedirectToAction("Index");
               }
               catch
               {
                   return View();
               }
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/PrepareEdit/
           public ActionResult PrepareEdit()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/ConfirmEdit/
           public ActionResult ConfirmEdit(FormCollection collection)
           {
               if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["CameraNumber"]))
               {
                   FileStream fsCameras = null;
                   Camera camera = new Camera();
                   BinaryFormatter bfCameras = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<Camera> cameras = new LinkedList<Camera>();
                   string strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
   
                   if (System.IO.File.Exists(strCamerasFile))
                   {
                       using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                       {
                           cameras = (LinkedList<Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
                       }
   
                       camera.CameraNumber = collection["CameraNumber"];
   
                       LinkedListNode<Camera> viewer = cameras.FindLast(camera);
   
                       ViewData["CameraNumber"] = collection["CameraNumber"];
                       ViewData["Make"] = viewer.Value.Make;
                       ViewData["Model"] = viewer.Value.Model;
                       ViewData["Location"] = viewer.Value.Location;
                   }
               }
   
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/Edit/5
           public ActionResult Edit(int id)
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // POST: Cameras/Edit/5
           [HttpPost]
           public ActionResult Edit(int id, FormCollection collection)
           {
               try
               {
                   // TODO: Add update logic here
                   FileStream fsCameras = null;
                   Camera camera = new Camera();
                   BinaryFormatter bfCameras = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<Camera> cameras = new LinkedList<Camera>();
                   string strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
   
                   if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty("CameraNumber"))
                   {
                       if (System.IO.File.Exists(strCamerasFile))
                       {
                           using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                           {
                               cameras = (LinkedList<Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
                           }
                       }
   
                       camera.CameraNumber = collection["CameraNumber"];
   
                       LinkedListNode<Camera> viewer = cameras.FindLast(camera);
   
                       viewer.Value.Make = collection["Make"];
                       viewer.Value.Model = collection["Model"];
                       viewer.Value.Location = collection["Location"];
   
                       using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                       {
                           bfCameras.Serialize(fsCameras, cameras);
                       }
                   }
   
                   return RedirectToAction("Index");
               }
               catch
               {
                   return View();
               }
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/PrepareDelete/
           public ActionResult PrepareDelete()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/ConfirmDelete/
           public ActionResult ConfirmDelete(FormCollection collection)
           {
               if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["CameraNumber"]))
               {
                   FileStream fsCameras = null;
                   Camera camera = new Camera();
                   BinaryFormatter bfCameras = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<Camera> cameras = new LinkedList<Camera>();
                   string strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
   
                   if (System.IO.File.Exists(strCamerasFile))
                   {
                       using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                       {
                           cameras = (LinkedList<Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
                       }
   
                       camera.CameraNumber = collection["CameraNumber"];
   
                       LinkedListNode<Camera> viewer = cameras.FindLast(camera);
   
                       ViewData["CameraNumber"]  = collection["CameraNumber"];
                       ViewData["Make"]          = viewer.Value.Make;
                       ViewData["Model"]         = viewer.Value.Model;
                       ViewData["Location"]      = viewer.Value.Location;
                   }
               }
   
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/Delete/5
           public ActionResult Delete(int id)
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // POST: Cameras/Delete/5
           [HttpPost]
           public ActionResult Delete(int id, FormCollection collection)
           {
               try
               {
                   // TODO: Add delete logic here
   
                   return RedirectToAction("Index");
               }
               catch
               {
                   return View();
               }
           }
       }
   }

3. In the class, right-click Details() -> Add View...
4. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying Details.
   Click Add
5. Change the document as follows:

   @{
       ViewBag.Title = "Camera Details";
   }
   
   @{
       string strMake = string.Empty;
       string strModel = string.Empty;
       string strLocation = string.Empty;
       string strCameraNumber = string.Empty;
   
       if (IsPost)
       {
           strCameraNumber = Request["CameraNumber"];
   
           FileStream fsCameras = null;
           string strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
           TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Camera camera = new TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Camera();
           LinkedList<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Camera> cameras = new LinkedList<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Camera>();
           System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter bfCameras = new System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter();
   
           if (System.IO.File.Exists(strCamerasFile))
           {
               using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
               {
                   cameras = (LinkedList<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
               }
   
               camera.CameraNumber = strCameraNumber;
   
               LinkedListNode<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Camera> viewer = cameras.FindLast(camera);
               strMake = viewer.Value.Make;
               strModel = viewer.Value.Model;
               strLocation = viewer.Value.Location;
           }
       }
   }
   
   <h2 class="common-font bold maroon text-center">Camera Details</h2>
   
   <hr />
   
   @using (Html.BeginForm())
   {
       <div class="containment">
           <div class="small-content common-font">
               <table>
                   <tr>
                       <td class="small-text bold maroon">Camera #</td>
                       <td>@Html.TextBox("CameraNumber", @strCameraNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control small-text" })</td>
                       <td>&nbsp;</td>
                       <td><input type="submit" value="Find" class="btn btn-warning small-text" /></td>
                   </tr>
               </table>
               <br />
               <table>
                   <tr>
                       <td class="small-text maroon bold">Make</td>
                       <td>@Html.TextBox("Make", @strMake, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                   </tr>
                   <tr>
                       <td>&nbsp;</td>
                       <td></td>
                   </tr>
                   <tr>
                       <td class="small-text maroon bold">Model</td>
                       <td>@Html.TextBox("Model", @strModel, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                   </tr>
                   <tr>
                       <td>&nbsp;</td>
                       <td></td>
                   </tr>
                   <tr>
                       <td class="small-text maroon bold">Location</td>
                       <td>@Html.TextBox("Location", @strLocation, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                   </tr>
               </table>
           </div>
       </div>
   }
   
   <hr />
   
   <p class="text-center">
       @Html.ActionLink("Cameras", "Index") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update Camera Details", "PrepareEdit") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Create New Camera", "Create") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Delete/Remove a Cameras", "PrepareDelete")
   </p>

6. Click the CamerasController.cs tab
7. In the class, right-click PrepareEdit() -> Add View...
8. Make sure the View Name is displaying PrepareEdit.
   Click Add
9. Create a form as follows:

   @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Camera
   
   @{
       ViewBag.Title = "Prepare Camera Edit";
   }
   
   <h2 class="maroon common-font text-center bold">Prepare Camera Details Edition</h2>
   
   <hr />
   
   @using (Html.BeginForm("ConfirmEdit", "Cameras", FormMethod.Post))
   {
       @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
   
       <div class="large-content">
           <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
               @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
               <div class="form-group">
                   @Html.LabelFor(model => model.CameraNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-4 maroon" })
                   <div class="col-md-4">
                       @Html.EditorFor(model => model.CameraNumber, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                       @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.CameraNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                   </div>
                   <div class="col-md-4">
                       <p><input type="submit" value="Find Camera" class="btn btn-warning small-text" /></p>
                   </div>
               </div>
           </div>
       </div>
   }
   <hr />
   
   <p class="text-center">
       @Html.ActionLink("Cameras", "Index") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Create New Camera", "Create") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Review Camera Details", "Details") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Delete/Remove Camera", "PrepareDelete")
   </p>

10. Click the CamerasController.cs tab
11. In the class, right-click ConfirmEdit() -> Add View...
12. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying ConfirmEdit.
    Click Add
13. Create a form as follows:

    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Confirm Camera Edit";
    }
    
    <h2 class="maroon common-font text-center bold">Editing Camera Details</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm("Edit", "Cameras", FormMethod.Post))
    {
        <div class="containment">
            <div class="small-content common-font">
                <table>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="small-text bold maroon">Camera #</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("CameraNumber", @ViewData["CameraNumber"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control large-text" })</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        <td></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="maroon bold">Make</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("Make", @ViewData["Make"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control large-text" })</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        <td></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="maroon bold">Model</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("Model", @ViewData["Model"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control large-text" })</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        <td></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="maroon bold">Location</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("Location", @ViewData["Location"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control large-text" })</td>
                    </tr>
                </table>
            </div>
        </div>
    
        <hr />
    
        <div class="form-group">
            <label class="col-md-6 control-label"></label>
            <div class="col-md-6">
                <input type="submit" value="Save Camera Record" class="btn btn-warning" />
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Cameras", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Create New Camera", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review Camera Details", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Delete/Remove Camera", "PrepareDelete")
    </p>

14. Click the CamerasController.cs tab
15. In the class, right-click PrepareDelete() -> Add View...
16. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying PrepareDelete.
    Click Add
17. Change the document as follows:

    @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Camera
    
    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Prepare Camera Deletion";
    }
    
    <h2 class="maroon common-font text-center bold">Prepare Camera Deletion</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm("ConfirmDelete", "Cameras", FormMethod.Post))
    {
        @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    
        <div class="large-content">
            <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.CameraNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-4 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.CameraNumber, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.CameraNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        <p><input type="submit" value="Find Camera" class="btn btn-warning small-text" /></p>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Cameras", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Create New Camera", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review Camera Details", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update Camera Details", "PrepareEdit")</p>

18. Click the CamerasController.cs tab
19. In the class, right-click ConfirmDelete() -> Add View...
20. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying ConfirmDelete.
    Click Add
21. Change the document as follows:

    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Confirm Camera Deletion";
    }
    
    <h2 class="maroon common-font text-center bold">Confirm Camera Deletion</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm("Delete", "Cameras", FormMethod.Post))
    {
        <div class="containment">
            <div class="small-content common-font">
                <table>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="small-text bold maroon">Camera #</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("CameraNumber", @ViewData["CameraNumber"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        <td></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="maroon bold">Make</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("Make", @ViewData["Make"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", disabled = "disabled" })</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        <td></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="maroon bold">Model</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("Model", @ViewData["Model"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", disabled = "disabled" })</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        <td></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="maroon bold">Location</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("Location", @ViewData["Location"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", disabled = "disabled" })</td>
                    </tr>
                </table>
            </div>
        </div>
    
        <hr />
        
        <div class="form-group">
            <label class="col-md-6 control-label"></label>
            <div class="col-md-6">
                <input type="submit" value="Delete this Camera's Record" class="btn btn-warning" />
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Cameras", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Create New Camera", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review Camera Details", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update Camera Details", "PrepareEdit")</p>

Getting Each Node

As you can see, the LinkedList class doesn't implement the IList interface, which means it doesn't have an Item property. As we have seen with the AddLast() method and as we will see in the next sections, each method used to add a node is provided in two versions. One of the versions returns a LinkedListNode object. This means that, when performing an addition operation, you can get the returned value and do what you want with it.

The LinkedList class implements the IEnumerable interface. This makes it possible to use foreach to access each node. This can be done as follows:

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Exercise1.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            ViewBag.Title = "Home Page";

            return View();
        }

        public ActionResult Exercise()
        {
            LinkedList<string> foodItems = new LinkedList<string>();

            foodItems.AddLast("General Tso's Chicken");
            foodItems.AddLast("Ginger Tofu Stir Fry");
            foodItems.AddLast("Combination Fried Rice");
            foodItems.AddLast("Sweet and Sour Chicken");
            foodItems.AddLast("Egg Foo Yung");

            ViewData["ChefSpecial"] = foodItems;

            return View();
        }
    }
}
------------------------------------------------
@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Food Menu";
}

<h2>Food Menu</h2>

<p>Our restaurant offers the following menu:</p>

<ul>
    @{
        foreach (string food in ViewData["ChefSpecial"] as LinkedList<string>)
        {
            <li>@food</li>
        }
    }
</ul>

This would produce

Practical Learning: Getting Each Node

1. In the Solution Explorer, under Controllers, click ViolationsTypesController.cs
2. In the class, right-click Index() -> Add View...
3. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying Index.
   Click Add
4. Change the document as follows:

   @model IEnumerable<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.ViolationType>
   
   @{
       ViewBag.Title = "Violations Types";
   }
   
   <h2 class="bold maroon common-font text-center">Violations Types</h2>
   
   <table class="table table-striped common-font">
       <tr>
           <th class="text-center maroon">@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.ViolationName)</th>
           <th class="maroon">@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.Description)</th>
           <th></th>
       </tr>
   
       @foreach (var item in Model)
       {
           <tr>
               <td class="text-center">@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.ViolationName)</td>
               <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Description)</td>
           </tr>
       }
   </table>
   
   <hr />
   
   <p class="text-center">
       @Html.ActionLink("Create New Violation Type", "Create") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Description of a Violation Type", "Details") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update a Violation Type", "PrepareEdit") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Delete a Violation Type", "PrepareDelete")
   </p>

5. In the Solution Explorer, under Controllers, click CamerasController.cs
6. In the class, right-click Index() -> Add View...
7. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying Index.
   Click Add
8. Change the document as follows:

   @model IEnumerable<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Camera>
   
   @{
       ViewBag.Title = "Cameras - Traffic Monitors";
   }
   
   <h2 class="bold maroon common-font text-center">Cameras - Traffic Monitors</h2>
   
   <table class="table table-hover common-font">
       <tr>
           <th class="text-center">@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.CameraNumber)</th>
           <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.Make)</th>
           <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.Model)</th>
           <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.Location)</th>
       </tr>
   
       @foreach (var item in Model)
       {
           <tr>
               <td class="text-center">@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.CameraNumber)</td>
               <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Make)</td>
               <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Model)</td>
               <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Location)</td>
           </tr>
       }
   </table>
   <hr />
   <p class="text-center">
       @Html.ActionLink("Create New Camera", "Create") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Camera Details", "Details") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update Camera", "PrepareEdit") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Delete Camera", "PrepareDelete")
   </p>

Navigating Among the Nodes

The First and the Last Nodes

As mentioned already, a linked list has a first and a last nodes (some people or documentations call them the head and the tail). To identify the first node, the LinkedList class is equippped with a read-only property named First. Its syntax is:

public LinkedListNode<T> First { get; }

The last node is represented by a read-only property of the same name and that, too, is a LinkedListNode object:

public LinkedListNode<T> Last { get; }

Here are examples of accessing these properties:

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Exercise1.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Exercise01()
        {
            LinkedList<double> numbers = new LinkedList<double>();

            LinkedListNode<double> number = new LinkedListNode<double>(148.24);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(35.75);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(2222.06);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(4.19);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(66.18);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            ViewData["Numbers"] = numbers;
            ViewData["First"]   = "The value of the first node is " + numbers.First.Value;
            ViewData["Last"]    = "The value of the last node is " + numbers.Last.Value;

            return View();
        }
    }
}
-----------------------------------------------
@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Numbers";
}

<h2>Numbers</h2>

<ul>
    @{
        foreach (double nbr in ViewData["Numbers"] as LinkedList<double>)
        {
            <li>@nbr</li>
        }
    }
</ul>

<hr />

<p>@ViewData["First"]</p>

<p>@ViewData["Last"]</p>

This would produce:

The Next and Previous Nodes

To access a node that is next to an existing node, you must first know what node is used as reference. To let you access the next node, the LinkedListNode class is equipped with a read-only property named Next:

public LinkedListNode<T> Next { get; }

To let you access the node previous to an existing one, the LinkedListNode class is equipped with the read-only Previous property:

public LinkedListNode Previous { get; }

Remember that in both cases, you need a node as reference.

Creating Nodes

Introduction

When dealing with a linked list, you have many options on how to add a new node. As mentioned already, a linked list has a first node, a last node, and one or more nodes between them. All nodes have and use some references with regards to the node(s) close to them. Based on this, when adding a new node, you have to specify whether you want it as the first node, the last node, the node before a certain node, or the node after a certain one. The LinkedList class easily supports all these operations with very little effort on your part.

Adding the First Node

We saw that you could call the AddFirst() method to add a new node. In reality, there is no such a thing as simply adding a new node to a linked list. When a linked list has just been created and it is empty, it holds a reference to a null node. There is nothing you can do with that node and you don't need to do anything with it. To start adding nodes, you have the option of setting it as the first or the last item. This would not make any difference because there is no other node in the list.

After adding a node, it becomes a reference that new nodes can use. If you call the AddFirst() method, the new node would be added before any existing node in the collection.

Practical Learning Adding a Node to a Linked List

1. In the Solution Explorer, under Controllers, click CamerasController.cs
2. Implement the second Create() method as follows:

   using System.IO;
   using System.Web.Mvc;
   using System.Collections.Generic;
   using TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models;
   using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
   
   namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Controllers
   {
       public class CamerasController : Controller
       {
           . . .
   
           // GET: Cameras/Create
           public ActionResult Create()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // POST: Cameras/Create
           [HttpPost]
           public ActionResult Create(FormCollection collection)
           {
               try
               {
                   // TODO: Add insert logic here
                   FileStream fsCameras = null;
                   BinaryFormatter bfCameras = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<Camera> cameras = new LinkedList<Camera>();
                   string strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
   
                   if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty("CameraNumber"))
                   {
                       if (System.IO.File.Exists(strCamerasFile))
                       {
                           using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                           {
                               cameras = (LinkedList<Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
                           }
                       }
   
                       Camera viewer = new Camera()
                       {
                           CameraNumber = collection["CameraNumber"],
                           Make = collection["Make"],
                           Model = collection["Model"],
                           Location = collection["Location"]
                       };
   
                       cameras.AddFirst(viewer);
   
                       using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                       {
                           bfCameras.Serialize(fsCameras, cameras);
                       }
                   }
   
                   return RedirectToAction("Index");
               }
               catch
               {
                   return View();
               }
           }
   
           . . .
           
       }
   }

3. In the class, right-click one of the Create() methods -> Add View...
4. Make sure the View Name is displaying Create.
   Click Add
5. Create the form as follows:

   @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Camera
   
   @{
       ViewBag.Title = "Create Camera";
   }
   
   <h2 class="common-font text-center bold maroon">Camera Setup</h2>
   
   <hr />
   
   @using (Html.BeginForm())
   {
       @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
   
       <div class="large-content">
           <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
               @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
               <div class="form-group">
                   @Html.LabelFor(model => model.CameraNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                   <div class="col-md-7">
                       @Html.EditorFor(model => model.CameraNumber, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                       @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.CameraNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                   </div>
               </div>
   
               <div class="form-group">
                   @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Make, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                   <div class="col-md-7">
                       @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Make, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                       @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Make, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                   </div>
               </div>
   
               <div class="form-group">
                   @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Model, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                   <div class="col-md-7">
                       @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Model, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                       @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Model, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                   </div>
               </div>
   
               <div class="form-group">
                   @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Location, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                   <div class="col-md-7">
                       @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Location, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                       @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Location, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                   </div>
               </div>
   
               <div class="form-group">
                   <div class="col-md-5"></div>
                   <div class="col-md-7 text-center">
                       <input type="submit" value="Save this Camera Setup" class="btn btn-warning" />
                   </div>
               </div>
           </div>
       </div>
   }
   <hr />
   <p class="text-center">
       @Html.ActionLink("Cameras - Traffic Monitors", "Index") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Review a Traffic Camera Setup", "Details") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update a Camera Setup", "PrepareEdit") ::
       @Html.ActionLink("Delete/Remove a Camera", "PrepareDelete")</p>

Adding the Last Node

To let you add a node as last, the LinkedList is equipped with a method named AddLast. It is overloaded with versions whose syntaxes are:

public LinkedListNode<T> AddLast(T value);
public void AddLast(LinkedListNode<T> node);

When you call this method, the value or node you pass will be added as the last item in the list. Here is an example:

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Exercise1.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Exercise01()
        {
            List<double> values = new List<double>();
            values.Add(84.597);
            values.Add(6.47);
            values.Add(2747.06);
            values.Add(282.924);

            LinkedList<double> numbers = new LinkedList<double>(values);
            LinkedListNode<double> number = new LinkedListNode<double>(148.24);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(35.75);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            numbers.AddLast(2747.06);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(2222.06);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(4.19);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(66.18);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            ViewData["Numbers"] = numbers;

            return View();
        }
    }
}
------------------------------------------------
@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Numbers";
}

<h2>Numbers</h2>

<ul>
    @{
        foreach (double nbr in ViewData["Numbers"] as LinkedList<double>)
        {
            <li>@nbr</li>
        }
    }
</ul>

This would produce:

Nodes Maintenance in a Linked List

Inserting a Node Before a Referenced One

A linked list supports the concept of inserting a node but not exactly like traditional collections do it. With a linked list, you must add a node before or after an existing node used as reference.

Behind the scenes, before inserting a node, you must identify the position where you want to put it. That is, you must identify what node you will use as reference:

In this case, you want to insert a new node before the Other Node. Behind the scenes, the reference between the two existing nodes must be brocken. Then the new node points to the Other Node as its next and the Other Node points at the New Node as its previous:

After the new node has been added, it must point to the previous node (Some Node in our example) as its previous item. The previous node (Some Node in our example) must now point to the new node as its next item:

As you may imagine, to insert a node, you must provide two pieces of information: a reference to the node that will succeed the new node, and the new node (or its value). If the referenced node is the first item of the list, the new node would become the new first object.

To assist you with this operation, the LinkedList class provides a method named AddBefore. This method is overloaded with two versions whose syntaxes are:

public void AddBefore(LinkedListNode<T> node, LinkedListNode<T> newNode);
public LinkedListNode<T> AddBefore(LinkedListNode<T> node, T value);

In both cases, you pass a first argument as an existing node. In the first case, you must pass the LinkedListNode object that will be inserted the node. Here is an example:

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Exercise1.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Exercise01()
        {
            List<double> values = new List<double>();
            values.Add(84.597);
            values.Add(6.47);
            values.Add(2747.06);
            values.Add(282.924);

            LinkedList<double> numbers = new LinkedList<double>(values);
            LinkedListNode<double> number = new LinkedListNode<double>(148.24);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(35.75);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            numbers.AddLast(2747.06);

            LinkedListNode<double> number222206 = new LinkedListNode<double>(2222.06);
            numbers.AddLast(number222206);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(4.19);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(66.18);
            numbers.AddBefore(number222206, number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(275.775);
            numbers.AddLast(number);

            ViewData["Numbers"] = numbers;

            return View();
        }
    }
}

This would produce:

In the second version, you directly pass the value to be positioned before node.

Inserting a Node After a Referenced One

Instead of inserting a node before an existing one, you can add it after one. The approach is logically the same as inserting a node before another, except that the sequence is reversed. First identify the node that will be used as reference. Start the process to add the new node after that one. Behind the scenes, the referenced node will point to the new node as its next and the new node will point to the existing node as its previous:

After the new node as been added, it will point to the node after it as its next. The other node will point to the new node as its previous:

If the new node is added after the last node, the new node will become the new last node.

To let you insert a node after an existing node, the LinkedList class is equipped with a method named AddAfter. It comes in two versions and their syntaxes are:

public void AddAfter(LinkedListNode<T> node, LinkedListNode<T> newNode);
public LinkedListNode<T> AddAfter(LinkedListNode<T> node, T value);

The arguments follow the same description as the AddBefore() method, only in reverse. Here is an example:

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Exercise1.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Exercise01()
        {
            List<double> values = new List<double>();
            values.Add(84.597);
            values.Add(6.47);
            values.Add(2747.06);
            values.Add(282.924);

            LinkedList<double> numbers = new LinkedList<double>(values);
            LinkedListNode<double> number = new LinkedListNode<double>(148.24);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            LinkedListNode<double> number3575 = new LinkedListNode<double>(35.75);
            numbers.AddFirst(number3575);

            numbers.AddLast(2747.06);

            LinkedListNode<double> number222206 = new LinkedListNode<double>(2222.06);
            numbers.AddLast(number222206);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(4.19);
            numbers.AddFirst(number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(66.18);
            numbers.AddBefore(number222206, number);

            number = new LinkedListNode<double>(275.775);
            numbers.AddAfter(number3575, number);

            ViewData["Numbers"] = numbers;

            return View();
        }
    }
}

This would produce:

Deleting Nodes

Deleting the First or Last Node

When it comes time to deleting a node, you have many options, such as deleting the first or the last node of the list. To let you delete the first node, the LinkedList class provides the RemoveFirst() method. Its syntax is:

public void RemoveFirst();

As you can see, this method takes no argument. When it is called:

• If the list is empty, the compiler throws an InvalidOperationException exception:
• If the list contains one node, that node gets deleted
• If the list contains more than one node, the first one gets deleted

To delete the last node, you can call the RemoveLast() method whose syntax is:

public void RemoveLast();

This method follows the same logic as the RemoveFirst() method, only in reverse. Here are examples of calling these methods:

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Numbers";
}

<h2>Numbers</h2>

@{ 
    List<double> values = new List<double>();
    values.Add(84.597);
    values.Add(6.47);
    values.Add(2747.06);
    values.Add(282.924);

    LinkedList<double> numbers = new LinkedList<double>(values);
    LinkedListNode<double> number = new LinkedListNode<double>(148.24);
    numbers.AddFirst(number);

    LinkedListNode<double> number3575 = new LinkedListNode<double>(35.75);
    numbers.AddFirst(number3575);

    numbers.AddLast(2747.06);

    LinkedListNode<double> number222206 = new LinkedListNode<double>(2222.06);
    numbers.AddLast(number222206);

    number = new LinkedListNode<double>(4.19);
    numbers.AddFirst(number);

    number = new LinkedListNode<double>(66.18);
    numbers.AddBefore(number222206, number);

    number = new LinkedListNode<double>(275.775);
    numbers.AddAfter(number3575, number);
}

<h3>First Series</h3>

<ul>
    @{
        foreach (double nbr in numbers)
        {
            <li>@nbr</li>
        }
    }
</ul>

<hr />

@{ 
    numbers.RemoveFirst();
    numbers.RemoveLast();
}

<h3>Second Series</h3>

<ul>
    @{
        foreach (double nbr in numbers)
        {
            <li>@nbr</li>
        }
    }
</ul>

This would produce:

Removing a Node by Value

There are two ways you can delete an item inside the collection. This can be done using the Remove() method. It comes in two versions. If you know the exact value of the item you want to remove, you can call the following version of that method:

public bool Remove(T value);

When calling this method, pass the value to delete. The compiler would first look for a node that has that value:

• If there is a node with that value in the list, it would be deleted
• If there is no node with that value, nothing would happen (the compiler would not throw an exception)

An alternative is to delete a node based on its reference. To do this, use the following version:

public void Remove(LinkedListNode<T> node);

When calling this method, pass a reference to the node you want to delete. Here is an example:

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Numbers";
}

<h2>Numbers</h2>

@{ 
    List<double> values = new List<double>();
    values.Add(84.597);
    values.Add(6.47);
    values.Add(2747.06);
    values.Add(282.924);

    LinkedList<double> numbers = new LinkedList<double>(values);
    LinkedListNode<double> number = new LinkedListNode<double>(148.24);
    numbers.AddFirst(number);

    LinkedListNode<double> number3575 = new LinkedListNode<double>(35.75);
    numbers.AddFirst(number3575);

    numbers.AddLast(2747.06);

    LinkedListNode<double> number222206 = new LinkedListNode<double>(2222.06);
    numbers.AddLast(number222206);

    number = new LinkedListNode<double>(4.19);
    numbers.AddFirst(number);

    number = new LinkedListNode<double>(66.18);
    numbers.AddBefore(number222206, number);

    LinkedListNode<double> number275775 = new LinkedListNode<double>(275.775);
    numbers.AddAfter(number3575, number275775);
}

<h3>First Series</h3>

<ul>
    @{
        foreach (double nbr in numbers)
        {
            <li>@nbr</li>
        }
    }
</ul>

<hr />

@{ 
    numbers.Remove(number275775);
}

<h3>Second Series</h3>

<ul>
    @{
        foreach (double nbr in numbers)
        {
            <li>@nbr</li>
        }
    }
</ul>

This would produce:

Practical Learning Deleting a Node

1. In the Solution Explorer, under Controllers, double-click ViolationsTypesController
2. In the class, change the second Delete() method as follows:

   using System.IO;
   using System.Web.Mvc;
   using System.Collections.Generic;
   using TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models;
   using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
   
   namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Controllers
   {
       public class ViolationsTypesController : Controller
       {
           // GET: ViolationsTypes
           public ActionResult Index()
           {
               FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
               BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
               string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
               LinkedList<ViolationType> categories = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
   
               // If a file for violations types was proviously created, open it
               if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
               {
                   using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                   {
                       /* After opening the file, get the list of records from it
                        * and store in the declared LinkedList<> variable. */
                       categories = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
                   }
               }
   
               return View(categories);
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/Create
           public ActionResult Create()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // POST: ViolationsTypes/Create
           [HttpPost]
           public ActionResult Create(FormCollection collection)
           {
               try
               {
                   FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
                   LinkedList<ViolationType> categories = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
                   BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
                   string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
   
                   if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["ViolationName"]))
                   {
                       if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
                       {
                           using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                           {
                               categories = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
                           }
                       }
   
                       ViolationType vt = new ViolationType()
                       {
                           ViolationName = collection["ViolationName"],
                           Description = collection["Description"],
                       };
   
                       categories.AddLast(vt);
   
                       using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                       {
                           bfViolationsTypes.Serialize(fsViolationsTypes, categories);
                       }
                   }
   
                   return RedirectToAction("Index");
               }
               catch
               {
                   return View();
               }
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/Details/
           public ActionResult Details()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/PrepareEdit/
           public ActionResult PrepareEdit()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/ConfirmEdit/
           public ActionResult ConfirmEdit(FormCollection collection)
           {
               if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["ViolationName"]))
               {
                   FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
                   ViolationType violationType = new ViolationType();
                   BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<ViolationType> violationsTypes = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
                   string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
   
                   if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
                   {
                       using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                       {
                           violationsTypes = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
                       }
   
                       violationType.ViolationName = collection["ViolationName"];
   
                       LinkedListNode<ViolationType> vt = violationsTypes.Find(violationType);
   
                       ViewData["ViolationName"]    = collection["ViolationName"];
                       ViewData["Description"]      = vt.Value.Description;
                   }
               }
   
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/Edit/
           public ActionResult Edit()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // POST: ViolationsTypes/Edit/
           [HttpPost]
           public ActionResult Edit(FormCollection collection)
           {
               try
               {
                   FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
                   ViolationType violationType = new ViolationType();
                   BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<ViolationType> ViolationsTypes = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
                   string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
   
                   if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty("ViolationName"))
                   {
                       if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
                       {
                           using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                           {
                               ViolationsTypes = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
                           }
                       }
   
                       violationType.ViolationName = collection["ViolationName"];
   
                       LinkedListNode<ViolationType> vt = ViolationsTypes.Find(violationType);
   
                       vt.Value.Description = collection["Description"];
   
                       using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                       {
                           bfViolationsTypes.Serialize(fsViolationsTypes, ViolationsTypes);
                       }
                   }
   
                   return RedirectToAction("Index");
               }
               catch
               {
                   return View();
               }
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/PrepareDelete/
           public ActionResult PrepareDelete()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/ConfirmDelete/
           public ActionResult ConfirmDelete(FormCollection collection)
           {
               if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["ViolationName"]))
               {
                   FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
                   ViolationType violationType = new ViolationType();
                   BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<ViolationType> violationsTypes = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
                   string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
   
                   if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
                   {
                       using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                       {
                           violationsTypes = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
                       }
   
                       violationType.ViolationName = collection["ViolationName"];
   
                       LinkedListNode<ViolationType> vt = violationsTypes.Find(violationType);
   
                       ViewData["ViolationName"]    = collection["ViolationName"];
                       ViewData["Description"]      = vt.Value.Description;
                   }
               }
   
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: ViolationsTypes/Delete/
           public ActionResult Delete()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // POST: ViolationsTypes/Delete/
           [HttpPost]
           public ActionResult Delete(FormCollection collection)
           {
               try
               {
                   // TODO: Add delete logic here
                   FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
                   BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<ViolationType> violationsTypes = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
                   string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
   
                   if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty("ViolationName"))
                   {
                       if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
                       {
                           using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                           {
                               violationsTypes = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
                           }
                       }
   
                       if (violationsTypes.Count > 0)
                       {
                           ViolationType violationType = new ViolationType();
   
                           violationType.ViolationName = collection["ViolationName"];
                           violationsTypes.Remove(violationType);
   
                           using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                           {
                               bfViolationsTypes.Serialize(fsViolationsTypes, violationsTypes);
                           }
                       }
                   }
   
                   return RedirectToAction("Index");
               }
               catch
               {
                   return View();
               }
           }
       }
   } 

3. In the Solution Explorer, under Controllers, click CamerasController.cs
4. Change the last Delete() method as follows:

   using System.IO;
   using System.Web.Mvc;
   using System.Collections.Generic;
   using TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models;
   using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
   
   namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Controllers
   {
       public class CamerasController : Controller
       {
           // GET: Cameras
           public ActionResult Index()
           {
               FileStream fsCameras = null;
               BinaryFormatter bfCameras = new BinaryFormatter();
               LinkedList<Camera> cameras = new LinkedList<Camera>();
               string strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
   
               // If a file for Cameras records was proviously created, open it
               if (System.IO.File.Exists(strCamerasFile))
               {
                   using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                   {
                       /* After opening the file, get the list of records from it
                        * and store in the declared LinkedList<> variable. */
                       cameras = (LinkedList<Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
                   }
               }
   
               return View(cameras);
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/Details/
           public ActionResult Details()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/PrepareEdit/
           public ActionResult PrepareEdit()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/ConfirmEdit/
           public ActionResult ConfirmEdit(FormCollection collection)
           {
               if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["CameraNumber"]))
               {
                   FileStream         fsCameras      = null;
                   Camera             camera         = new Camera();
                   BinaryFormatter    bfCameras      = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<Camera> cameras        = new LinkedList<Camera>();
                   string             strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
   
                   if (System.IO.File.Exists(strCamerasFile))
                   {
                       using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                       {
                           cameras = (LinkedList<Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
                       }
   
                       camera.CameraNumber = collection["CameraNumber"];
   
                       LinkedListNode<Camera> viewer = cameras.FindLast(camera);
   
                       ViewData["CameraNumber"]  = collection["CameraNumber"];
                       ViewData["Make"]          = viewer.Value.Make;
                       ViewData["Model"]         = viewer.Value.Model;
                       ViewData["Location"]      = viewer.Value.Location;
                   }
               }
   
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/Edit/
           public ActionResult Edit()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // POST: Cameras/Edit/
           [HttpPost]
           public ActionResult Edit(FormCollection collection)
           {
               try
               {
                   FileStream fsCameras = null;
                   Camera camera = new Camera();
                   BinaryFormatter bfCameras = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<Camera> cameras = new LinkedList<Camera>();
                   string strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
   
                   if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty("CameraNumber"))
                   {
                       if (System.IO.File.Exists(strCamerasFile))
                       {
                           using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                           {
                               cameras = (LinkedList<Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
                           }
                       }
   
                       camera.CameraNumber = collection["CameraNumber"];
   
                       LinkedListNode<Camera> viewer = cameras.FindLast(camera);
   
                       viewer.Value.Make = collection["Make"];
                       viewer.Value.Model = collection["Model"];
                       viewer.Value.Location = collection["Location"];
   
                       using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                       {
                           bfCameras.Serialize(fsCameras, cameras);
                       }
                   }
   
                   return RedirectToAction("Index");
               }
               catch
               {
                   return View();
               }
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/Create
           public ActionResult Create()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // POST: Cameras/Create
           [HttpPost]
           public ActionResult Create(FormCollection collection)
           {
               try
               {
                   FileStream fsCameras = null;
                   BinaryFormatter bfCameras = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<Camera> cameras = new LinkedList<Camera>();
                   string strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
   
                   if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty("CameraNumber"))
                   {
                       if (System.IO.File.Exists(strCamerasFile))
                       {
                           using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                           {
                               cameras = (LinkedList<Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
                           }
                       }
   
                       Camera viewer = new Camera()
                       {
                           CameraNumber = collection["CameraNumber"],
                           Make = collection["Make"],
                           Model = collection["Model"],
                           Location = collection["Location"]
                       };
   
                       cameras.AddFirst(viewer);
   
                       using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                       {
                           bfCameras.Serialize(fsCameras, cameras);
                       }
                   }
   
                   return RedirectToAction("Index");
               }
               catch
               {
                   return View();
               }
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/PrepareDelete/
           public ActionResult PrepareDelete()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/ConfirmDelete/
           public ActionResult ConfirmDelete(FormCollection collection)
           {
               if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["CameraNumber"]))
               {
                   FileStream fsCameras = null;
                   Camera camera = new Camera();
                   BinaryFormatter bfCameras = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<Camera> cameras = new LinkedList<Camera>();
                   string strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
   
                   if (System.IO.File.Exists(strCamerasFile))
                   {
                       using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                       {
                           cameras = (LinkedList<Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
                       }
   
                       camera.CameraNumber = collection["CameraNumber"];
   
                       LinkedListNode<Camera> viewer = cameras.FindLast(camera);
   
                       ViewData["CameraNumber"]  = collection["CameraNumber"];
                       ViewData["Make"]          = viewer.Value.Make;
                       ViewData["Model"]         = viewer.Value.Model;
                       ViewData["Location"]      = viewer.Value.Location;
                   }
               }
   
               return View();
           }
   
           // GET: Cameras/Delete/
           public ActionResult Delete()
           {
               return View();
           }
   
           // POST: Cameras/Delete/
           [HttpPost]
           public ActionResult Delete(FormCollection collection)
           {
               try
               {
                   FileStream fsCameras = null;
                   BinaryFormatter bfCameras = new BinaryFormatter();
                   LinkedList<Camera> cameras = new LinkedList<Camera>();
                   string strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
   
                   if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty("CameraNumber"))
                   {
                       if (System.IO.File.Exists(strCamerasFile))
                       {
                           using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                           {
                               cameras = (LinkedList<Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
                           }
                       }
   
                       // If a file for cameras exists, ...
                       if (cameras.Count > 0)
                       {
                           // ... create a Camera object ...
                           Camera camera = new Camera();
                           /* ... that is equivalent to the Camera that uses the 
                            * camera number that the user typed in the form */
                           camera.CameraNumber = collection["CameraNumber"];
   
                           // Now that you have identified that camera, delete it
                           cameras.Remove(camera);
   
                           // After updating the list of cameras, save the file
                           using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                           {
                               bfCameras.Serialize(fsCameras, cameras);
                           }
                       }
                   }
   
                   return RedirectToAction("Index");
               }
               catch
               {
                   return View();
               }
           }
       }
   }

5. To create a class, in the Solution Explorer, right-click Models -> Add -> Class...
6. Type Driver as the name of the class
7. Click Add
8. Change the class as follows:

   using System;
   using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
   
   namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models
   {
       [Serializable]
       public class Driver
       {
           [Display(Name = "Drv. Lic. #")]
           public string DrvLicNumber { get; set; }
           [Display(Name = "First Name")]
           public string FirstName { get; set; }
           [Display(Name = "Last Name")]
           public string LastName { get; set; }
           public string Address { get; set; }
           public string City { get; set; }
           public string County { get; set; }
           public string State { get; set; }
           [Display(Name = "ZIP Code")]
           public string ZIPCode { get; set; }
   
           public override bool Equals(object obj)
           {
               Driver dvr = (Driver)obj;
   
               return dvr.DrvLicNumber == DrvLicNumber ? true : false;
           }
   
           public override int GetHashCode()
           {
               return base.GetHashCode();
           }
       }
   }

9. In the Solution Explorer, right-click Controllers -> Add -> Controller...
10. In the middle of the Add Scaffold dialog box, make sure MVC 5 Controller With Read/Write Actions.
    Click Add
11. Type Drivers to get DriversController
12. Click Add
13. Change the document as follows:

    using System.IO;
    using System.Web.Mvc;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models;
    using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
    
    namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Controllers
    {
        public class DriversController : Controller
        {
            // GET: Drivers
            public ActionResult Index()
            {
                FileStream fsDrivers = null;
                BinaryFormatter bfDrivers = new BinaryFormatter();
                LinkedList<Driver> drivers = new LinkedList<Driver>();
                string strDriversFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Drivers.tts");
    
                if (System.IO.File.Exists(strDriversFile))
                {
                    using (fsDrivers = new FileStream(strDriversFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                    {
                        drivers = (LinkedList<Driver>)bfDrivers.Deserialize(fsDrivers);
                    }
                }
    
                return View(drivers);
            }
    
            // GET: Drivers/Details
            public ActionResult Details()
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // GET: Drivers/Create
            public ActionResult Create()
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // POST: Drivers/Create
            [HttpPost]
            public ActionResult Create(FormCollection collection)
            {
                try
                {
                    // TODO: Add insert logic here
                    Driver drv = new Driver();
                    FileStream fsDrivers = null;
                    BinaryFormatter bfDrivers = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<Driver> drivers = new LinkedList<Driver>();
                    string strDriversFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Drivers.tts");
    
                    // Make sure the user provides both the driver's license number and a state
                    if ((!string.IsNullOrEmpty("DrvLicNumber")) && (!string.IsNullOrEmpty("State")))
                    {
                        // Assuming the user provided a State value, make that
                        // Find out whether a file for drivers was created already
                        if (System.IO.File.Exists(strDriversFile))
                        {
                            // If that file exists, open it...
                            using (fsDrivers = new FileStream(strDriversFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                            {
                                // ... and store the records in the LinkedList<Driver> variable
                                drivers = (LinkedList<Driver>)bfDrivers.Deserialize(fsDrivers);
    
                                // Check all the drivers records
                                foreach (Driver d in drivers)
                                {
                                    // When you get to a record, if its State is the same the user enter, make it the reference node
                                    if (d.State.Equals(collection["State"]))
                                    {
                                        drv = d;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
    
                        LinkedListNode<Driver> referenceNode = drivers.Find(drv);
    
                        // Prepare a driver's record to save
                        Driver person = new Driver()
                        {
                            DrvLicNumber = collection["DrvLicNumber"],
                            FirstName = collection["FirstName"],
                            LastName = collection["LastName"],
                            Address = collection["Address"],
                            City = collection["City"],
                            County = collection["County"],
                            State = collection["State"],
                            ZIPCode = collection["ZIPCode"],
                        };
    
                        // If there is no driver yet, then simply add the new driver as the last record
                        if (referenceNode == null)
                        {
                            drivers.AddLast(person);
                        }
                        else // if( referenceNode != null)
                        {
                            drivers.AddAfter(referenceNode, person);
                        }
    
                        using (fsDrivers = new FileStream(strDriversFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                        {
                            bfDrivers.Serialize(fsDrivers, drivers);
                        }
                    }
    
                    return RedirectToAction("Index");
                }
                catch
                {
                    return View();
                }
            }
    
            // GET: Drivers/PrepareEdit/
            public ActionResult PrepareEdit()
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // GET: Drivers/ConfirmEdit/
            public ActionResult ConfirmEdit(FormCollection collection)
            {
                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["DrvLicNumber"]))
                {
                    FileStream fsDrivers       = null;
                    Driver driver              = new Driver();
                    BinaryFormatter bfDrivers  = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<Driver> drivers = new LinkedList<Driver>();
                    string strDriversFile      = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Drivers.tts");
    
                    if (System.IO.File.Exists(strDriversFile))
                    {
                        using (fsDrivers = new FileStream(strDriversFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                        {
                            drivers = (LinkedList<Driver>)bfDrivers.Deserialize(fsDrivers);
                        }
    
                        driver.DrvLicNumber = collection["DrvLicNumber"];
    
                        LinkedListNode<Driver> person = drivers.Find(driver);
    
                        ViewData["DrvLicNumber"]  = collection["DrvLicNumber"];
                        ViewData["FirstName"]     = person.Value.FirstName;
                        ViewData["LastName"]      = person.Value.LastName;
                        ViewData["Address"]       = person.Value.Address;
                        ViewData["City"]          = person.Value.City;
                        ViewData["County"]        = person.Value.County;
                        ViewData["State"]         = person.Value.State;
                        ViewData["ZIPCode"]       = person.Value.ZIPCode;
                    }
                }
    
                return View();
            }
    
            // GET: Drivers/Edit/
            public ActionResult Edit()
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // POST: Drivers/Edit/
            [HttpPost]
            public ActionResult Edit(FormCollection collection)
            {
                try
                {
                    // TODO: Add update logic here
                    FileStream fsDrivers       = null;
                    Driver driver              = new Driver();
                    BinaryFormatter bfDrivers  = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<Driver> drivers = new LinkedList<Driver>();
                    string strDriversFile      = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Drivers.tts");
    
                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty("CameraNumber"))
                    {
                        if (System.IO.File.Exists(strDriversFile))
                        {
                            using (fsDrivers = new FileStream(strDriversFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                            {
                                drivers = (LinkedList<Driver>)bfDrivers.Deserialize(fsDrivers);
                            }
                        }
    
                        driver.DrvLicNumber = collection["DrvLicNumber"];
    
                        LinkedListNode<Driver> person = drivers.Find(driver);
    
                        person.Value.FirstName = collection["FirstName"];
                        person.Value.LastName  = collection["LastName"];
                        person.Value.Address   = collection["Address"];
                        person.Value.City      = collection["City"];
                        person.Value.County    = collection["County"];
                        person.Value.State     = collection["State"];
                        person.Value.ZIPCode   = collection["ZIPCode"];
    
                        using (fsDrivers = new FileStream(strDriversFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                        {
                            bfDrivers.Serialize(fsDrivers, drivers);
                        }
                    }
    
                    return RedirectToAction("Index");
                }
                catch
                {
                    return View();
                }
            }
    
            // GET: Drivers/PrepareDelete/
            public ActionResult PrepareDelete()
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // GET: Drivers/ConfirmDelete/
            public ActionResult ConfirmDelete(FormCollection collection)
            {
                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["DrvLicNumber"]))
                {
                    FileStream fsDrivers = null;
                    Driver driver = new Driver();
                    BinaryFormatter bfDrivers = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<Driver> drivers = new LinkedList<Driver>();
                    string strDriversFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Drivers.tts");
    
                    if (System.IO.File.Exists(strDriversFile))
                    {
                        using (fsDrivers = new FileStream(strDriversFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                        {
                            drivers = (LinkedList<Driver>)bfDrivers.Deserialize(fsDrivers);
                        }
    
                        driver.DrvLicNumber = collection["DrvLicNumber"];
    
                        LinkedListNode<Driver> person = drivers.Find(driver);
    
                        ViewData["DrvLicNumber"]  = collection["DrvLicNumber"];
                        ViewData["FirstName"]     = person.Value.FirstName;
                        ViewData["LastName"]      = person.Value.LastName;
                        ViewData["Address"]       = person.Value.Address;
                        ViewData["City"]          = person.Value.City;
                        ViewData["County"]        = person.Value.County;
                        ViewData["State"]         = person.Value.State;
                        ViewData["ZIPCode"]       = person.Value.ZIPCode;
                    }
                }
    
                return View();
            }
    
            // GET: Drivers/Delete/
            public ActionResult Delete()
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // POST: Drivers/Delete/
            [HttpPost]
            public ActionResult Delete(FormCollection collection)
            {
                try
                {
                    // TODO: Add delete logic here
                    FileStream fsDrivers = null;
                    Driver driver = new Driver();
                    BinaryFormatter bfDrivers = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<Driver> drivers = new LinkedList<Driver>();
                    string strDriversFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Drivers.tts");
    
                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty("DrvLicNumber"))
                    {
                        if (System.IO.File.Exists(strDriversFile))
                        {
                            using (fsDrivers = new FileStream(strDriversFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                            {
                                drivers = (LinkedList<Driver>)bfDrivers.Deserialize(fsDrivers);
                            }
                        }
    
                        if (drivers.Count > 0)
                        {
                            driver.DrvLicNumber = collection["DrvLicNumber"];
    
                            LinkedListNode<Driver> viewer = drivers.Find(driver);
    
                            drivers.Remove(viewer);
    
                            using (fsDrivers = new FileStream(strDriversFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                            {
                                bfDrivers.Serialize(fsDrivers, drivers);
                            }
                        }
                    }
    
                    return RedirectToAction("Index");
                }
                catch
                {
                    return View();
                }
            }
        }
    }

14. In the class, right-click Index() -> Add View...
15. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying Index.
    Click Add
16. Change the document as follows:

    @model IEnumerable<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Driver>
    
    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Drivers";
    }
    
    <h2 class="bold maroon common-font text-center">Drivers/Vehicles Owners</h2>
    
    <table class="table table-hover common-font">
        <tr>
            <th class="text-center">@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.DrvLicNumber)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.FirstName)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.LastName)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.Address)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.City)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.County)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.State)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.ZIPCode)</th>
        </tr>
    
        @foreach (var item in Model)
        {
            <tr>
                <td class="text-center">@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.DrvLicNumber)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.FirstName)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.LastName)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Address)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.City)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.County)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.State)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.ZIPCode)</td>
            </tr>
        }
    </table>
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Issue New Driver's License", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review a Driver's License", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update a Driver's License", "PrepareEdit") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Suspend/Delete/Remove a Driver's License", "PrepareDelete")</p>

17. In the Solution Explorer, under Views, right-click Drivers -> Add -> View...
18. Type Details
19. Click OK
20. Change the document as follows:

    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Driver's Details";
    }
    
    @{
        string strCity = string.Empty;
        string strState = string.Empty;
        string strCounty = string.Empty;
        string strZIPCode = string.Empty;
        string strAddress = string.Empty;
        string strLastName = string.Empty;
        string strFirstName = string.Empty;
        string strDrvLicNumber = string.Empty;
    
    
        if (IsPost)
        {
            strDrvLicNumber = Request["DrvLicNumber"];
    
            FileStream fsDrivers = null;
            string strDriversFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Drivers.tts");
            TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Driver driver = new TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Driver();
            LinkedList<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Driver> drivers = new LinkedList<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Driver>();
            System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter bfDrivers = new System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter();
    
            if (System.IO.File.Exists(strDriversFile))
            {
                using (fsDrivers = new FileStream(strDriversFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                {
                    drivers = (LinkedList<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Driver>)bfDrivers.Deserialize(fsDrivers);
                }
    
                driver.DrvLicNumber = strDrvLicNumber;
    
                LinkedListNode<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Driver> person = drivers.Find(driver);
    
                strCity = person.Value.City;
                strState = person.Value.State;
                strCounty = person.Value.County;
                strZIPCode = person.Value.ZIPCode;
                strAddress = person.Value.Address;
                strLastName = person.Value.LastName;
                strFirstName = person.Value.FirstName;
            }
        }
    }
    
    <h2 class="common-font bold maroon text-center">Driver's Details</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm())
    {
        <div class="containment common-font">
            <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="dln" class="control-label col-md-4 maroon">Drv. Lic. #</label>
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        @Html.TextBox("DrvLicNumber", @strDrvLicNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "dln" })
                    </div>
                    <div class="col-md-4"><input type="submit" value="Find" class="btn btn-warning small-text" /></div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="fName" class="small-text maroon col-md-5">First Name</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("FirstName", @strFirstName, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "fName" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="lName" class="small-text maroon col-md-5">Last Name</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("LastName", @strLastName, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "lName" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="adrs" class="small-text maroon col-md-5">Address</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("Address", @strAddress, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "adrs" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="ct" class="small-text maroon col-md-5">City</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("City", @strCity, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "ct" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="local" class="small-text maroon col-md-5">County</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("County", @strCounty, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "local" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="government" class="small-text maroon col-md-5">State</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("State", @strState, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "government" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="zip" class="small-text maroon col-md-5">ZIP Code</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("ZIPCode", @strZIPCode, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "zip" })</div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Drivers - Vehicles Owners", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Issue New Driver's License", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update a Driver's License", "PrepareEdit") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Suspend/Delete/Remove a Driver's License", "PrepareDelete")
    </p>

21. In the Solution Explorer, under Views, right-click Drivers -> Add -> View...
22. Type Create
23. Click OK
24. Create the form as follows:

    @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Driver
    
    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Create Driver";
    }
    
    <h2 class="common-font maroon text-center bold">Driver's License Issuance</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm())
    {
        @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    
        <div class="containment">
            <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.DrvLicNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.DrvLicNumber, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.DrvLicNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.FirstName, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.FirstName, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.FirstName, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.LastName, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.LastName, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.LastName, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Address, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Address, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Address, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.City, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.City, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.City, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.County, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.County, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.County, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.State, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.State, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.State, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.ZIPCode, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.ZIPCode, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.ZIPCode, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label class="col-md-6"></label>
                    <div class="col-md-6">
                        <input type="submit" value="Save this Driver's Record" class="btn btn-warning" />
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    <hr />
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Drivers - Vehicles Owners", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review a Driver's License", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update a Driver's License", "PrepareEdit") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Suspend/Delete/Remove a Driver's License", "PrepareDelete")
    </p>

25. In the Solution Explorer, under Views, right-click Drivers -> Add -> View...
26. Type PrepareEdit
27. Click OK
28. Create the form as follows:

    @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Driver
    
    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Prepare Driver Edit";
    }
    
    <h2 class="maroon common-font text-center bold">Prepare Driver Edit</h2>
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm("ConfirmEdit", "Drivers", FormMethod.Post))
    {
        @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    
        <div class="large-content">
            <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.DrvLicNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-4 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.DrvLicNumber, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.DrvLicNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        <p><input type="submit" value="Find Driver" class="btn btn-warning small-text" /></p>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    <hr />
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Drivers - Vehicles Owners", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Issue a New Driver's License", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review a Driver's License", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Suspend/Delete/Remove a Driver's License", "PrepareDelete")
    </p>

29. In the Solution Explorer, under Views, right-click Drivers -> Add -> View...
30. Type ConfirmEdit
31. Click OK
32. Change the document as follows:

    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Confirm Camera Edit";
    }
    
    <h2 class="maroon common-font text-center bold">Editing Camera Details</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm("Edit", "Cameras", FormMethod.Post))
    {
        <div class="containment">
            <div class="small-content common-font">
                <table>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="small-text bold maroon">Camera #</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("CameraNumber", @ViewData["CameraNumber"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control large-text" })</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        <td></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="maroon bold">Make</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("Make", @ViewData["Make"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control large-text" })</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        <td></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="maroon bold">Model</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("Model", @ViewData["Model"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control large-text" })</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        <td></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="maroon bold">Location</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("Location", @ViewData["Location"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control large-text" })</td>
                    </tr>
                </table>
            </div>
        </div>
    
        <hr />
    
        <div class="form-group">
            <label class="col-md-6 control-label"></label>
            <div class="col-md-6">
                <input type="submit" value="Save Camera Record" class="btn btn-warning" />
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Cameras", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Create New Camera", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review Camera Details", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Delete/Remove Camera", "PrepareDelete")
    </p>

33. In the Solution Explorer, under Views, right-click Drivers
34. Type PrepareDelete
35. Click OK
36. Create the form as follows:

    @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Driver
    
    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Prepare Driver Edit";
    }
    
    <h2 class="maroon common-font text-center bold">Prepare Driver Edition</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm("ConfirmDelete", "Drivers", FormMethod.Post))
    {
        @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    
        <div class="large-content">
            <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.DrvLicNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-4 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.DrvLicNumber, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.DrvLicNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        <p><input type="submit" value="Find Driver" class="btn btn-warning" /></p>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Drivers - Vehicles Owners", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Issue a New Driver's License", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review a Driver's License", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update a Driver's License", "PrepareEdit")
    </p>

37. In the Solution Explorer, under Views, right-click Drivers -> Add -> View...
38. Type ConfirmDelete
39. Click OK
40. Create the form as follows:

    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Confirm Driver Deletion";
    }
    
    <h2 class="maroon common-font text-center bold">Confirm Camera Deletion</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm("Delete", "Drivers", FormMethod.Post))
    {
    <div class="large-content">
        <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
            @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="tvn" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Drv. Lic. #</label>
                <div class="col-md-7">
                    @Html.TextBox("DrvLicNumber", @ViewData["DrvLicNumber"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "tvn" })
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="cmrNbr" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">First Name</label>
                <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("FirstName", @ViewData["FirstName"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "cmrNbr" })</div>
            </div>
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="tagNbr" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Last Name</label>
                <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("LastName", @ViewData["LastName"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "tagNbr" })</div>
            </div>
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="vType" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Address</label>
                <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("Address", @ViewData["Address"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "vType" })</div>
            </div>
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="vDate" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">City</label>
                <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("City", @ViewData["City"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "vDate" })</div>
            </div>
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="vTime" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">County</label>
                <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("County", @ViewData["County"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "vTime" })</div>
            </div>
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="photo" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">State</label>
                <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("State", @ViewData["State"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "photo" })</div>
            </div>
            <div class="form-group">
                <label for="video" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">ZIP Code</label>
                <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("ZIPCode", @ViewData["ZIPCode"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "pmtStatus" })</div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
    
        <hr />
        
        <div class="form-group">
            <label class="col-md-6 control-label"></label>
            <div class="col-md-6">
                <input type="submit" value="Delete this Driver's Record" class="btn btn-warning" />
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Cameras", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Create New Camera", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review Camera Details", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update Camera Details", "PrepareEdit")</p>

41.  In the Solution Explorer, right-click Models -> Add -> Class...
42. Type Vehicle
43. Click Add
44. Change the class as follows:

    using System;
    using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
    
    namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models
    {
        [Serializable]
        public class Vehicle
        {
            [Display(Name = "Tag #")]
            public string TagNumber    { get; set; }
            [Display(Name = "Drv. Lic. #")]
            public string DrvLicNumber { get; set; }
            public string Make         { get; set; }
            public string Model        { get; set; }
            [Display(Name = "Vehicle Year")]
            public string VehicleYear  { get; set; }
            public string Color        { get; set; }
    
            public override bool Equals(object obj)
            {
                Vehicle car = (Vehicle)obj;
    
                if (car.TagNumber == TagNumber)
                    return true;
                else
                    return false;
            }
    
            public override int GetHashCode()
            {
                return base.GetHashCode();
            }
        }
    }

45. In the Solution Explorer, right-click Controllers -> Add -> New Scaffolded Item...
46. In the middle list of the Add Scaffold dialog box, make sure MVC 5 Controller With Read/Write Actions is selected.
    Click Add
47. Change the controller as follows:

    using System.IO;
    using System.Web.Mvc;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models;
    using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
    
    namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Controllers
    {
        public class VehiclesController : Controller
        {
            // GET: Vehicles
            public ActionResult Index()
            {
                FileStream fsVehicles = null;
                BinaryFormatter bfVehicles = new BinaryFormatter();
                LinkedList<Vehicle> vehicles = new LinkedList<Vehicle>();
    
                string strVehiclesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Vehicles.tts");
    
                if (System.IO.File.Exists(strVehiclesFile))
                {
                    using (fsVehicles = new FileStream(strVehiclesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                    {
                        vehicles = (LinkedList<Vehicle>)bfVehicles.Deserialize(fsVehicles);
                    }
                }
    
                return View(vehicles);
            }
    
            // GET: Vehicles/Details/
            public ActionResult Details()
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // GET: Vehicles/Create
            public ActionResult Create()
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // POST: Vehicles/Create
            [HttpPost]
            public ActionResult Create(FormCollection collection)
            {
                try
                {
                    bool driverFound = false;
                    FileStream fsVehicles = null, fsDrivers = null;
                    BinaryFormatter bfDrivers = new BinaryFormatter();
                    BinaryFormatter bfVehicles = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<Driver> drivers = new LinkedList<Driver>();
                    LinkedList<Vehicle> vehicles = new LinkedList<Vehicle>();
                    string strDriversFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Drivers.tts");
                    string strVehiclesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Vehicles.tts");
    
                    // Open the file of the drivers records
                    if (System.IO.File.Exists(strDriversFile))
                    {
                        using (fsDrivers = new FileStream(strDriversFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                        {
                            /* After opening the file, get the list of records from it
                             * and store in the empty LinkedList<> collection we started. */
                            drivers = (LinkedList<Driver>)bfDrivers.Deserialize(fsDrivers);
    
                            // Navigate to each record
                            foreach (Driver person in drivers)
                            {
                                /* When you get to a record, find out if its DrvLicNumber value 
                                 * is the DrvLicNumber the user typed on the form. */
                                if (person.DrvLicNumber == collection["DrvLicNumber"])
                                {
                                    /* If you find the record with that DrvLicNumber value, 
                                     * make a note to indicate it. */
                                    driverFound = true;
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
    
                    /* If the driverFound is true, it means the driver's license 
                     * number is valid, which means we can save the record. */
                    if (driverFound == true)
                    {
                        // Check whether a file for vehicles exists already.
                        if (System.IO.File.Exists(strVehiclesFile))
                        {
                            // If a file for vehicles exists already, open it ...
                            using (fsVehicles = new FileStream(strVehiclesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                            {
                                // ... and store the records in our vehicles variable
                                vehicles = (LinkedList<Vehicle>)bfVehicles.Deserialize(fsVehicles);
                            }
                        }
    
                        Vehicle car = new Vehicle()
                        {
                            TagNumber = collection["TagNumber"],
                            DrvLicNumber = collection["DrvLicNumber"],
                            Make = collection["Make"],
                            Model = collection["Model"],
                            VehicleYear = collection["VehicleYear"],
                            Color = collection["Color"]
                        };
    
                        LinkedListNode<Vehicle> node = new LinkedListNode<Vehicle>(car);
                        vehicles.AddLast(node);
    
                        using (fsVehicles = new FileStream(strVehiclesFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                        {
                            bfVehicles.Serialize(fsVehicles, vehicles);
                        }
                    }
    
                    return RedirectToAction("Index");
                }
                catch
                {
                    return View();
                }
            }
    
            // GET: Vehicles/PrepareEdit/
            public ActionResult PrepareEdit()
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // GET: Vehicles/ConfirmEdit/
            public ActionResult ConfirmEdit(FormCollection collection)
            {
                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["TagNumber"]))
                {
                    FileStream fsVehicles = null;
                    Vehicle vehicle = new Vehicle();
                    BinaryFormatter bfVehicles = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<Vehicle> vehicles = new LinkedList<Vehicle>();
                    string strVehiclesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Vehicles.tts");
    
                    if (System.IO.File.Exists(strVehiclesFile))
                    {
                        using (fsVehicles = new FileStream(strVehiclesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                        {
                            vehicles = (LinkedList<Vehicle>)bfVehicles.Deserialize(fsVehicles);
                        }
    
                        vehicle.TagNumber = collection["TagNumber"];
    
                        LinkedListNode<Vehicle> car  = vehicles.FindLast(vehicle);
    
                        ViewData["TagNumber"]    = collection["TagNumber"];
                        ViewData["DrvLicNumber"] = car.Value.DrvLicNumber;
                        ViewData["Make"]         = car.Value.Make;
                        ViewData["Model"]        = car.Value.Model;
                        ViewData["VehicleYear"]  = car.Value.VehicleYear;
                        ViewData["Color"]        = car.Value.Color;
                    }
                }
    
                return View();
            }
    
            // GET: Vehicles/Edit/
            public ActionResult Edit()
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // POST: Vehicles/Edit/
            [HttpPost]
            public ActionResult Edit(FormCollection collection)
            {
                try
                {
                    FileStream fsVehicles = null;
                    Vehicle vehicle = new Vehicle();
                    BinaryFormatter bfVehicles = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<Vehicle> vehicles = new LinkedList<Vehicle>();
                    string strVehiclesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Vehicles.tts");
    
                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty("CameraNumber"))
                    {
                        if (System.IO.File.Exists(strVehiclesFile))
                        {
                            using (fsVehicles = new FileStream(strVehiclesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                            {
                                vehicles = (LinkedList<Vehicle>)bfVehicles.Deserialize(fsVehicles);
                            }
                        }
    
                        vehicle.TagNumber = collection["TagNumber"];
    
                        LinkedListNode<Vehicle> car = vehicles.FindLast(vehicle);
    
                        car.Value.TagNumber = collection["TagNumber"];
                        car.Value.Make = collection["Make"];
                        car.Value.Model = collection["Model"];
                        car.Value.VehicleYear = collection["VehicleYear"];
                        car.Value.Color = collection["Color"];
    
                        using (fsVehicles = new FileStream(strVehiclesFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                        {
                            bfVehicles.Serialize(fsVehicles, vehicles);
                        }
                    }
    
                    return RedirectToAction("Index");
                }
                catch
                {
                    return View();
                }
            }
    
            // GET: Vehicles/PrepareDelete/
            public ActionResult PrepareDelete()
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // GET: Vehicles/ConfirmDelete/
            public ActionResult ConfirmDelete(FormCollection collection)
            {
                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["TagNumber"]))
                {
                    FileStream fsVehicles = null;
                    Vehicle car = new Vehicle();
                    BinaryFormatter bfVehicles = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<Vehicle> vehicles = new LinkedList<Vehicle>();
                    string strVehiclesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Vehicles.tts");
    
                    if (System.IO.File.Exists(strVehiclesFile))
                    {
                        using (fsVehicles = new FileStream(strVehiclesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                        {
                            vehicles = (LinkedList<Vehicle>)bfVehicles.Deserialize(fsVehicles);
                        }
    
                        car.TagNumber = collection["TagNumber"];
    
                        LinkedListNode<Vehicle> node = vehicles.FindLast(car);
    
                        ViewData["TagNumber"]    = node.Value.TagNumber;
                        ViewData["DrvLicNumber"] = node.Value.DrvLicNumber;
                        ViewData["Make"]         = node.Value.Make;
                        ViewData["Model"]        = node.Value.Model;
                        ViewData["VehicleYear"]  = node.Value.VehicleYear;
                        ViewData["Color"]        = node.Value.Color;
                    }
                }
    
                return View();
            }
    
            // GET: Vehicles/Delete/
            public ActionResult Delete()
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // POST: Drivers/Delete/
            [HttpPost]
            public ActionResult Delete(FormCollection collection)
            {
                try
                {
                    FileStream fsVehicles = null;
                    Vehicle car = new Vehicle();
                    BinaryFormatter bfVehicles = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<Vehicle> vehicles = new LinkedList<Vehicle>();
                    string strVehiclesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Vehicles.tts");
    
                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty("TagNumber"))
                    {
                        if (System.IO.File.Exists(strVehiclesFile))
                        {
                            using (fsVehicles = new FileStream(strVehiclesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                            {
                                vehicles = (LinkedList<Vehicle>)bfVehicles.Deserialize(fsVehicles);
                            }
                        }
    
                        if (vehicles.Count > 0)
                        {
                            car.TagNumber = collection["TagNumber"];
    
                            //LinkedListNode<Vehicle> vehicle = vehicles.Find(car);
    
                            vehicles.Remove(car);
    
                            using (fsVehicles = new FileStream(strVehiclesFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                            {
                                bfVehicles.Serialize(fsVehicles, vehicles);
                            }
                        }
                    }
    
                    return RedirectToAction("Index");
                }
                catch
                {
                    return View();
                }
            }
        }
    }

48. In the class, right-click Index() -> Add View...
49. In the Add View dialog box, make sure the View Name text box is displaying Index.
    Click Add
50. Create the webpage as follows:

    @model IEnumerable<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Vehicle>
    
    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Cars - Vehicles";
    }
    
    <h2 class="bold maroon common-font text-center">Cars - Vehicles</h2>
    
    <table class="table table-hover common-font">
        <tr>
            <th class="text-center">@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.TagNumber)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.DrvLicNumber)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.Make)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.Model)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.VehicleYear)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.Color)</th>
        </tr>
    
        @foreach (var item in Model)
        {
            <tr>
                <td class="text-center">@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.TagNumber)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.DrvLicNumber)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Make)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Model)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.VehicleYear)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Color)</td>
            </tr>
        }
    </table>
    <hr />
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Register New Vehicle", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update Vehicle Registration", "PrepareEdit") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Vehicle Details", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Delete Vehicle Record", "PrepareDelete")
    </p>

51. Click the VehiclesController.cs tab
52. In the class, right-click the public ActionResult Details() line - Add View...
53. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying Details.
    Click Add
54. Create the webpage as follows:

    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Vehicle Details";
    
        string strTagNumber    = string.Empty;
        string strState        = string.Empty;
        string strMake         = string.Empty;
        string strModel        = string.Empty;
        string strVehicleYear  = string.Empty;
        string strColor        = string.Empty;
        string strDrvLicNumber = string.Empty;
    
        if (IsPost)
        {
            strTagNumber = Request["TagNumber"];
    
            FileStream fsVehicles = null;
            string strVehiclesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Vehicles.tts");
            TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Vehicle car = new TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Vehicle();
            LinkedList<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Vehicle> vehicles = new LinkedList<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Vehicle>();
            System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter bfVehicles = new System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter();
    
            if (System.IO.File.Exists(strVehiclesFile))
            {
                using (fsVehicles = new FileStream(strVehiclesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                {
                    vehicles = (LinkedList<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Vehicle>)bfVehicles.Deserialize(fsVehicles);
                }
    
                car.TagNumber = strTagNumber;
    
                LinkedListNode<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Vehicle> node = vehicles.FindLast(car);
    
                strTagNumber = node.Value.TagNumber;
                strDrvLicNumber = node.Value.DrvLicNumber;
                strMake = node.Value.Make;
                strModel = node.Value.Model;
                strVehicleYear = node.Value.VehicleYear;
                strColor = node.Value.Color;
            }
        }
    }
    
    <h2 class="common-font bold maroon text-center">Vehicle Details</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm())
    {
        <div class="large-content common-font">
            <table>
                <tr>
                    <td class="small-text bold maroon">Tag #</td>
                    <td>@Html.TextBox("TagNumber", @strTagNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control small-text" })</td>
                    <td width="20">&nbsp;</td>
                    <td><input type="submit" value="Find" class="btn btn-warning small-text" /></td>
                </tr>
            </table>
            <br />
            <table>
                <tr>
                    <td class="small-text maroon bold">Drv. Lic. #</td>
                    <td>@Html.TextBox("DrvLicNumber", @strDrvLicNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                    <td></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="small-text maroon bold">Make</td>
                    <td>@Html.TextBox("Make", @strMake, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                    <td></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="small-text maroon bold">Model</td>
                    <td>@Html.TextBox("Model", @strModel, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                    <td></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="small-text maroon bold">City</td>
                    <td>@Html.TextBox("VehicleYear", @strVehicleYear, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                    <td></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td class="small-text maroon bold">County</td>
                    <td>@Html.TextBox("Color", @strColor, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                </tr>
            </table>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Cars - Vehicles", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Issue New Vehicle's License", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update a Vehicle's License", "PrepareEdit") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Suspend/Delete/Remove a Vehicle's License", "PrepareDelete")
    </p>

55. Click the VehiclesController.cs tab
56. In the controller, right-click one of the Create() methods -> Add View...
57. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying Create.
    Click Add
58. Create the form as follows:

    @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Vehicle
    
    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Create Vehicle";
    }
    
    <h2 class="common-font maroon text-center bold">Vehicle Registration</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm())
    {
        @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    
        <div class="containment">
            <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.TagNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.TagNumber, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.TagNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="drvLicNbr" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Driver's License #</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.DrvLicNumber, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control", id = "drvLicNbr" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.DrvLicNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Make, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Make, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Make, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Model, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Model, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Model, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.VehicleYear, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.VehicleYear, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.VehicleYear, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Color, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Color, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Color, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label class="col-md-6"></label>
                    <div class="col-md-6">
                        <input type="submit" value="Save this Vehicle's Record" class="btn btn-warning" />
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Cars - Vehicle", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update Vehicle Registration", "PrepareEdit") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Vehicle Details", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Delete Vehicle Record", "PrepareDelete")</p>

59. Click the VehiclesController.cs tab
60. In the class, right-click the public ActionResult PrepareEdit() line -> Add View...
61. Make sure the View text box is displaying PrepareEdit.
    Click Add
62. Create the form as follows:

    @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Vehicle
    
    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Prepare Vehicle Edit";
    }
    
    <h2 class="maroon common-font text-center bold">Prepare Vehicle Edition</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm("ConfirmEdit", "Vehicles", FormMethod.Post))
    {
        @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    
        <div class="large-content">
            <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.TagNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-4 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.TagNumber, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.TagNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        <p><input type="submit" value="Find Vehicle" class="btn btn-warning small-text" /></p>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Cars - Vehicles", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Create Vehicle Registration", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Vehicle Details", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Delete Vehicle Record", "PrepareDelete")
    </p>

63. Click the VehiclesController.cs tab
64. In the class, right-click ConfirmEdit -> Add View...
65. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying ConfirmEdit.
    Click Add
66. Change the document as follows:

    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Confirm Vehicle Edit";
    }
    
    <h2 class="common-font bold maroon text-center">Confirm Vehicle Edition</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm("Edit", "Vehicles", FormMethod.Post))
    {
        <div class="large-content">
            <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="tagNbr" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Tag #</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.TextBox("TagNumber", @ViewData["TagNumber"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "tagNbr" })
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="dln" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Drv. Lic. #</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("DrvLicNumber", @ViewData["DrvLicNumber"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "dln" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="make" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Make</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("Make", @ViewData["Make"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "make" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="mdl" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Model</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("Model", @ViewData["Model"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "mdl" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="vYear" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Vehicle Year</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("VehicleYear", @ViewData["VehicleYear"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "vYear" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="clr" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Color</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("Color", @ViewData["Color"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "clr" })</div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    
        <hr />
    
        <div class="form-group">
            <label class="col-md-6 control-label"></label>
            <div class="col-md-6">
                <p><input type="submit" value="Update Vehicle Registration" class="btn btn-warning" /></p>
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Vehicles", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Register New Vehicle", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Vehicle Details", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Delete Vehicle Record", "PrepareDelete")</p>

67. Click the VehiclesController.cs tab
68. In the class, right-click the public ActionResult PrepareDelete() line -> Add View...
69. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying PrepareDelete.
    Click Add
70. Create a form as follows:

    @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.Vehicle
    
    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Prepare Delete";
    }
    
    <h2 class="maroon common-font text-center bold">Prepare Vehicle Delete</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm("ConfirmDelete", "Vehicles", FormMethod.Post))
    {
        @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    
        <div class="large-content">
            <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.TagNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-4 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.TagNumber, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.TagNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        <p><input type="submit" value="Find Vehicle" class="btn btn-warning small-text" /></p>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Cars - Vehicle", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Create Vehicle Registration", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Vehicle Details", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update Vehicle Registration", "PrepareEdit")</p>

71. Click the VehiclesController.cs tab
72. In the controller, right-click ConfirmDelete -> Add View...
73. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying ConfirmDelete.
    Click Add
74. Create the form as follows:

    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Confirm Vehicle Delete";
    }
    
    <h2 class="maroon common-font text-center bold">Confirm Vehicle Delete</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm("Delete", "Vehicles", FormMethod.Post))
    {
        <div class="containment">
            <div class="small-content common-font">
                <table>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="maroon bold">Tag #</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("TagNumber", @ViewData["TagNumber"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        <td></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="small-text bold maroon">Drv. Lic. #</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("DrvLicNumber", @ViewData["DrvLicNumber"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        <td></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="maroon bold">Make</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("Make", @ViewData["Make"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        <td></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="maroon bold">Model</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("Model", @ViewData["Model"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        <td></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="maroon bold">Vehicle Year</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("VehicleYear", @ViewData["VehicleYear"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td>&nbsp;</td>
                        <td></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td class="maroon bold">Color</td>
                        <td>@Html.TextBox("Color", @ViewData["Color"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })</td>
                    </tr>
                </table>
            </div>
        </div>
    
        <hr />
        
        <div class="form-group">
            <label class="col-md-6 control-label"></label>
            <div class="col-md-6">
                <input type="submit" value="Delete this Vehicle's Registration" class="btn btn-warning" />
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Vehicles", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Create New Vehicle", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review Vehicle Details", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update Vehicle Details", "PrepareEdit")</p>

75. To create a new class, in the Solution Explorer, right-click Models -> Add -> Class...
76. Type TrafficViolation as the name of the class
77. Click Add
78. Change the document as follows:

    using System;
    using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
    
    namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models
    {
        [Serializable]
        public class TrafficViolation
        {
            [Display(Name = "Traffic Violation #")]
            public int TrafficViolationNumber { get; set; }
            [Display(Name = "Camera #")]
            public string CameraNumber { get; set; }
            [Display(Name = "Tag #")]
            public string TagNumber { get; set; }
            [Display(Name = "Violation Type")]
            public string ViolationName { get; set; }
            [Display(Name = "Violation Date")]
            public string ViolationDate { get; set; }
            [Display(Name = "Violation Time")]
            public string ViolationTime { get; set; }
            [Display(Name = "Photo Available")]
            public string PhotoAvailable { get; set; }
            [Display(Name = "Video Available")]
            public string VideoAvailable { get; set; }
            [Display(Name = "Payment Due Date")]
            public string PaymentDueDate { get; set; }
            [Display(Name = "Payment Date")]
            public string PaymentDate { get; set; }
            [Display(Name = "Payment Amount")]
            public double PaymentAmount { get; set; }
            [Display(Name = "Payment Status")]
            public string PaymentStatus { get; set; }
    
            public override bool Equals(object obj)
            {
                TrafficViolation tv = (TrafficViolation)obj;
    
                return tv.TrafficViolationNumber == TrafficViolationNumber ? true : false;
            }
    
            public override int GetHashCode()
            {
                return base.GetHashCode();
            }
        }
    }

79. In the Solution Explorer, right-click Controllers -> Add -> Controller...
80. In the middle list of the Add Scaffold dialog box, make sure MVC 5 Controller With Read/Write Actions.
    Click Add
81. Type TrafficVionations to get TrafficVionationsController
82. Click Add
83. Change the document as follows:

    using System;
    using System.IO;
    using System.Web.Mvc;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models;
    using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
    
    namespace TrafficTicketsSystem1.Controllers
    {
        public class TrafficViolationsController : Controller
        {
            // GET: TrafficViolations
            public ActionResult Index()
            {
                FileStream fsTrafficViolations = null;
                BinaryFormatter bfTrafficViolations = new BinaryFormatter();
                LinkedList<TrafficViolation> violations = new LinkedList<TrafficViolation>();
    
                string strTrafficViolationsFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/TrafficViolations.tts");
    
                if (System.IO.File.Exists(strTrafficViolationsFile))
                {
                    using (fsTrafficViolations = new FileStream(strTrafficViolationsFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                    {
                        violations = (LinkedList<TrafficViolation>)bfTrafficViolations.Deserialize(fsTrafficViolations);
                    }
                }
    
                return View(violations);
            }
    
            // GET: TrafficViolations/Details/5
            public ActionResult Details(int id)
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // GET: TrafficViolations/Create
            public ActionResult Create()
            {
                Random rndNumber = new Random();
                BinaryFormatter bfCameras = new BinaryFormatter();
                FileStream fsCameras = null, fsViolationsTypes = null;
                LinkedList<Camera> cameras = new LinkedList<Camera>();
                BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
                string strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
                LinkedList<ViolationType> violationsTypes = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
                string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
    
                List<SelectListItem> itemsCameras = new List<SelectListItem>();
                List<SelectListItem> paymentsStatus = new List<SelectListItem>();
                List<SelectListItem> itemsPhotoAvailable = new List<SelectListItem>();
                List<SelectListItem> itemsVideoAvailable = new List<SelectListItem>();
                List<SelectListItem> itemsViolationsTypes = new List<SelectListItem>();
    
                if (System.IO.File.Exists(strCamerasFile))
                {
                    using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                    {
                        cameras = (LinkedList<Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
    
                        foreach (Camera cmr in cameras)
                        {
                            itemsCameras.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = cmr.CameraNumber + " - " + cmr.Location, Value = cmr.CameraNumber });
                        }
                    }
                }
    
                if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
                {
                    using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                    {
                        violationsTypes = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
    
                        foreach (ViolationType vt in violationsTypes)
                        {
                            itemsViolationsTypes.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = vt.ViolationName, Value = vt.ViolationName });
                        }
                    }
                }
    
                itemsPhotoAvailable.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Unknown", Value = "Unknown" });
                itemsPhotoAvailable.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "No", Value = "No" });
                itemsPhotoAvailable.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Yes", Value = "Yes" });
                itemsVideoAvailable.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Unknown", Value = "Unknown" });
                itemsVideoAvailable.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "No", Value = "No" });
                itemsVideoAvailable.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Yes", Value = "Yes" });
    
                paymentsStatus.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Unknown", Value = "Unknown" });
                paymentsStatus.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Pending", Value = "Pending" });
                paymentsStatus.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Rejected", Value = "Rejected" });
                paymentsStatus.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Cancelled", Value = "Cancelled" });
                paymentsStatus.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Paid Late", Value = "Paid Late" });
                paymentsStatus.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Paid On Time", Value = "Paid On Time" });
    
                ViewData["CameraNumber"] = itemsCameras;
                ViewData["PaymentStatus"] = paymentsStatus;
                ViewData["PhotoAvailable"] = itemsPhotoAvailable;
                ViewData["VideoAvailable"] = itemsVideoAvailable;
                ViewData["ViolationName"] = itemsViolationsTypes;
                ViewData["TrafficViolationNumber"] = rndNumber.Next(10000001, 99999999);
    
                return View();
            }
    
            // POST: TrafficViolations/Create
            [HttpPost]
            public ActionResult Create(FormCollection collection)
            {
                try
                {
                    // TODO: Add insert logic here
                    bool vehicleFound = false;
                    BinaryFormatter bfDrivers = new BinaryFormatter();
                    FileStream fsTrafficViolations = null, fsVehicles = null;
                    LinkedList<Vehicle> vehicles = new LinkedList<Vehicle>();
                    BinaryFormatter bfTrafficViolations = new BinaryFormatter();
                    string strVehiclesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Vehicles.tts");
                    LinkedList<TrafficViolation> trafficViolations = new LinkedList<TrafficViolation>();
                    string strTrafficViolationsFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/TrafficViolations.tts");
    
                    // Open the file for the vehicles
                    if (System.IO.File.Exists(strVehiclesFile))
                    {
                        using (fsVehicles = new FileStream(strVehiclesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                        {
                            /* After opening the file, get the list of vehicles from it
                             * and store it in the LinkedList<Vehicle> variable. */
                            vehicles = (LinkedList<Vehicle>)bfDrivers.Deserialize(fsVehicles);
    
                            // Check each record
                            foreach (Vehicle car in vehicles)
                            {
                                /* When you get to a record, find out if its TagNumber value 
                                 * is the same as the tag number the user provided. */
                                if (car.TagNumber == collection["TagNumber"])
                                {
                                    /* If you find a record with that tag number, make a note. */
                                    vehicleFound = true;
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
    
                    /* If the vehicleFound is true, it means the car that committed the infraction has been identified. */
                    if (vehicleFound == true)
                    {
                        // Check whether a file for traffic violations was created already.
                        if (System.IO.File.Exists(strTrafficViolationsFile))
                        {
                            // If a file for traffic violations exists already, open it ...
                            using (fsTrafficViolations = new FileStream(strTrafficViolationsFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                            {
                                // ... and store the records in our trafficViolations variable
                                trafficViolations = (LinkedList<TrafficViolation>)bfTrafficViolations.Deserialize(fsTrafficViolations);
                            }
                        }
    
                        TrafficViolation tv = new TrafficViolation()
                        {
                            TrafficViolationNumber = int.Parse(collection["TrafficViolationNumber"]),
                            CameraNumber = collection["CameraNumber"].Substring(0, 9),
                            TagNumber = collection["TagNumber"],
                            ViolationName = collection["ViolationName"],
                            ViolationDate = collection["ViolationDate"],
                            ViolationTime = collection["ViolationTime"],
                            PhotoAvailable = collection["PhotoAvailable"],
                            VideoAvailable = collection["VideoAvailable"],
                            PaymentDueDate = collection["PaymentDueDate"],
                            PaymentDate = collection["PaymentDate"],
                            PaymentAmount = double.Parse(collection["PaymentAmount"]),
                            PaymentStatus = collection["PaymentStatus"]
                        };
    
                        // If a list of traffic violations exists already, get the last one 
                        LinkedListNode<TrafficViolation> node = trafficViolations.Last;
    
                        if (node == null)
                        {
                            trafficViolations.AddFirst(tv);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            // If the file contains a node already, add the new one before the last
                            trafficViolations.AddBefore(node, tv);
                        }
    
                        // After updating the list of traffic violations, save the file 
                        using (fsTrafficViolations = new FileStream(strTrafficViolationsFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                        {
                            bfTrafficViolations.Serialize(fsTrafficViolations, trafficViolations);
                        }
                    }
    
                    return RedirectToAction("Index");
                }
                catch
                {
                    return View();
                }
            }
    
            // GET: TrafficViolations/PrepareEdit/
            public ActionResult PrepareEdit()
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // GET: TrafficViolations/ConfirmEdit/
            public ActionResult ConfirmEdit(FormCollection collection)
            {
                FileStream fsTrafficViolations = null;
                BinaryFormatter bfTrafficViolations = new BinaryFormatter();
                LinkedList<TrafficViolation> violations = new LinkedList<TrafficViolation>();
                string strTrafficViolationsFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/TrafficViolations.tts");
    
                if (System.IO.File.Exists(strTrafficViolationsFile))
                {
                    using (fsTrafficViolations = new FileStream(strTrafficViolationsFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                    {
                        violations = (LinkedList<TrafficViolation>)bfTrafficViolations.Deserialize(fsTrafficViolations);
                    }
    
                    TrafficViolation violation = new TrafficViolation();
                    violation.TrafficViolationNumber = int.Parse(collection["TrafficViolationNumber"]);
    
                    LinkedListNode<TrafficViolation> node = violations.FindLast(violation);
    
                    BinaryFormatter bfCameras = new BinaryFormatter();
                    FileStream fsCameras = null, fsViolationsTypes = null;
                    LinkedList<Camera> cameras = new LinkedList<Camera>();
                    BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
                    string strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
                    LinkedList<ViolationType> violationsTypes = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
                    string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
    
                    List<SelectListItem> itemsCameras = new List<SelectListItem>();
                    List<SelectListItem> paymentsStatus = new List<SelectListItem>();
                    List<SelectListItem> itemsPhotoAvailable = new List<SelectListItem>();
                    List<SelectListItem> itemsVideoAvailable = new List<SelectListItem>();
                    List<SelectListItem> itemsViolationsTypes = new List<SelectListItem>();
    
                    if (System.IO.File.Exists(strCamerasFile))
                    {
                        using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                        {
                            cameras = (LinkedList<Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
    
                            foreach (Camera cmr in cameras)
                            {
                                itemsCameras.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = cmr.CameraNumber, Value = cmr.CameraNumber, Selected = (node.Value.CameraNumber == cmr.CameraNumber) });
                            }
                        }
                    }
    
                    if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
                    {
                        using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                        {
                            violationsTypes = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
    
                            foreach (ViolationType vt in violationsTypes)
                            {
                                itemsViolationsTypes.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = vt.ViolationName, Value = vt.ViolationName, Selected = (node.Value.ViolationName == vt.ViolationName) });
                            }
                        }
                    }
    
                    itemsPhotoAvailable.Add(new SelectListItem() { Value = "Unknown" });
                    itemsPhotoAvailable.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "No", Value = "No", Selected = (node.Value.PhotoAvailable == "No") });
                    itemsPhotoAvailable.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Yes", Value = "Yes", Selected = (node.Value.PhotoAvailable == "Yes") });
                    itemsVideoAvailable.Add(new SelectListItem() { Value = "Unknown" });
                    itemsVideoAvailable.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "No", Value = "No", Selected = (node.Value.VideoAvailable == "No") });
                    itemsVideoAvailable.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Yes", Value = "Yes", Selected = (node.Value.VideoAvailable == "Yes") });
    
                    paymentsStatus.Add(new SelectListItem() { Value = "Unknown" });
                    paymentsStatus.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Pending", Value = "Pending", Selected = (node.Value.PaymentStatus == "Pending") });
                    paymentsStatus.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Rejected", Value = "Rejected", Selected = (node.Value.PaymentStatus == "Rejected") });
                    paymentsStatus.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Cancelled", Value = "Cancelled", Selected = (node.Value.PaymentStatus == "Cancelled") });
                    paymentsStatus.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Paid Late", Value = "Paid Late", Selected = (node.Value.PaymentStatus == "Paid Late") });
                    paymentsStatus.Add(new SelectListItem() { Text = "Paid On Time", Value = "Paid On Time", Selected = (node.Value.PaymentStatus == "Paid On Time") });
    
                    ViewData["CameraNumber"] = itemsCameras;
                    ViewData["PaymentStatus"] = paymentsStatus;
                    ViewData["TagNumber"] = node.Value.TagNumber;
                    ViewData["PaymentDate"] = node.Value.PaymentDate;
                    ViewData["ViolationName"] = itemsViolationsTypes;
                    ViewData["PhotoAvailable"] = itemsPhotoAvailable;
                    ViewData["VideoAvailable"] = itemsVideoAvailable;
                    ViewData["PaymentAmount"] = node.Value.PaymentAmount;
                    ViewData["ViolationDate"] = node.Value.ViolationDate;
                    ViewData["ViolationTime"] = node.Value.ViolationTime;
                    ViewData["PaymentDueDate"] = node.Value.PaymentDueDate;
                    ViewData["TrafficViolationNumber"] = node.Value.TrafficViolationNumber;
                }
    
                return View();
            }
    
            // GET: TrafficViolations/Edit/5
            public ActionResult Edit(int id)
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // POST: TrafficViolations/Edit/5
            [HttpPost]
            public ActionResult Edit(int id, FormCollection collection)
            {
                try
                {
                    // TODO: Add update logic here
                    FileStream fsTrafficViolations = null;
                    TrafficViolation violation = new TrafficViolation();
                    BinaryFormatter bfTrafficViolations = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<TrafficViolation> violations = new LinkedList<TrafficViolation>();
                    string strTrafficViolationsFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/TrafficViolations.tts");
    
                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty("TrafficViolationNumber"))
                    {
                        if (System.IO.File.Exists(strTrafficViolationsFile))
                        {
                            using (fsTrafficViolations = new FileStream(strTrafficViolationsFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                            {
                                violations = (LinkedList<TrafficViolation>)bfTrafficViolations.Deserialize(fsTrafficViolations);
                            }
                        }
    
                        violation.TrafficViolationNumber = int.Parse(collection["TrafficViolationNumber"]);
    
                        LinkedListNode<TrafficViolation> infraction = violations.FindLast(violation);
    
                        infraction.Value.CameraNumber = collection["CameraNumber"];
                        infraction.Value.TagNumber = collection["TagNumber"];
                        infraction.Value.ViolationName = collection["ViolationName"];
                        infraction.Value.ViolationDate = collection["ViolationDate"];
                        infraction.Value.ViolationTime = collection["ViolationTime"];
                        infraction.Value.PhotoAvailable = collection["PhotoAvailable"];
                        infraction.Value.VideoAvailable = collection["VideoAvailable"];
                        infraction.Value.PaymentDueDate = collection["PaymentDueDate"];
                        infraction.Value.PaymentDate = collection["PaymentDate"];
                        infraction.Value.PaymentAmount = double.Parse(collection["PaymentAmount"]);
                        infraction.Value.PaymentStatus = collection["PaymentStatus"];
    
                        using (fsTrafficViolations = new FileStream(strTrafficViolationsFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                        {
                            bfTrafficViolations.Serialize(fsTrafficViolations, violations);
                        }
                    }
    
                    return RedirectToAction("Index");
                }
                catch
                {
                    return View();
                }
            }
    
            // GET: TrafficViolations/PrepareDelete/
            public ActionResult PrepareDelete()
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // GET: TrafficViolations/ConfirmDelete/
            public ActionResult ConfirmDelete(FormCollection collection)
            {
                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collection["TrafficViolationNumber"]))
                {
                    FileStream fsTrafficViolations = null;
                    TrafficViolation violation = new TrafficViolation();
                    BinaryFormatter bfTrafficViolations = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<TrafficViolation> violations = new LinkedList<TrafficViolation>();
                    string strTrafficViolationsFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/TrafficViolations.tts");
    
                    if (System.IO.File.Exists(strTrafficViolationsFile))
                    {
                        using (fsTrafficViolations = new FileStream(strTrafficViolationsFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                        {
                            violations = (LinkedList<TrafficViolation>)bfTrafficViolations.Deserialize(fsTrafficViolations);
                        }
    
                        violation.TrafficViolationNumber = int.Parse(collection["TrafficViolationNumber"]);
    
                        LinkedListNode<TrafficViolation> tv = violations.FindLast(violation);
    
                        ViewData["TrafficViolationNumber"] = collection["TrafficViolationNumber"];
                        ViewData["CameraNumber"] = tv.Value.CameraNumber;
                        ViewData["TagNumber"] = tv.Value.TagNumber;
                        ViewData["ViolationName"] = tv.Value.ViolationName;
                        ViewData["ViolationDate"] = tv.Value.ViolationDate;
                        ViewData["ViolationTime"] = tv.Value.ViolationTime;
                        ViewData["PhotoAvailable"] = tv.Value.PhotoAvailable;
                        ViewData["VideoAvailable"] = tv.Value.VideoAvailable;
                        ViewData["PaymentDueDate"] = tv.Value.PaymentDueDate;
                        ViewData["PaymentDate"] = tv.Value.PaymentDate;
                        ViewData["PaymentAmount"] = tv.Value.PaymentAmount;
                        ViewData["PaymentStatus"] = tv.Value.PaymentStatus;
                    }
                }
    
                return View();
            }
    
            // GET: TrafficViolations/Delete/5
            public ActionResult Delete(int id)
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            // POST: TrafficViolations/Delete/5
            [HttpPost]
            public ActionResult Delete(int id, FormCollection collection)
            {
                try
                {
                    // TODO: Add delete logic here
                    FileStream fsTrafficViolations = null;
                    TrafficViolation violation = new TrafficViolation();
                    BinaryFormatter bfTrafficViolations = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<TrafficViolation> violations = new LinkedList<TrafficViolation>();
                    string strTrafficViolationsFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/TrafficViolations.tts");
    
                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty("TrafficViolationNumber"))
                    {
                        if (System.IO.File.Exists(strTrafficViolationsFile))
                        {
                            using (fsTrafficViolations = new FileStream(strTrafficViolationsFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                            {
                                violations = (LinkedList<TrafficViolation>)bfTrafficViolations.Deserialize(fsTrafficViolations);
                            }
                        }
    
                        if (violations.Count > 0)
                        {
                            violation.TrafficViolationNumber = int.Parse(collection["TrafficViolationNumber"]);
    
                            LinkedListNode<TrafficViolation> tv = violations.FindLast(violation);
    
                            violations.Remove(violation);
    
                            using (fsTrafficViolations = new FileStream(strTrafficViolationsFile, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Write))
                            {
                                bfTrafficViolations.Serialize(fsTrafficViolations, violations);
                            }
                        }
                    }
    
                    return RedirectToAction("Index");
                }
                catch
                {
                    return View();
                }
            }
    
            // GET: Drivers/PrepareCitation/
            public ActionResult PrepareCitation()
            {
                return View();
            }
    
            /* This function takes the available status of a photo and video taken during the traffic violation.
               The function returns a sentence that will instruct the driver about how to view the photo or video or the violation. */
            private string GetPhotoVideoOptions(string photo, string video)
            {
                var sentence = string.Empty;
                var pvAvailable = "No";
    
                if (photo == "Yes")
                {
                    if (video == "Yes")
                    {
                        pvAvailable = "Yes";
                        sentence = "To view the photo and/or video";
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        pvAvailable = "Yes";
                        sentence = "To see a photo";
                    }
                }
                else
                { // if (photo == "No")
                    if (video == "Yes")
                    {
                        pvAvailable = "Yes";
                        sentence = "To review a video";
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        pvAvailable = "No";
                    }
                }
    
                if (pvAvailable == "No")
                    return "There is no photo or video available of this infraction but the violation was committed.";
                else
                    return sentence + " of this violation, please access http://www.trafficviolationsmedia.com. In the form, enter the citation number and click Submit.";
            }
    
            // GET: Drivers/PresentCitation/
            public ActionResult PresentCitation(FormCollection collection)
            {
                FileStream fsTrafficViolations = null;
                BinaryFormatter bfTrafficViolations = new BinaryFormatter();
                LinkedList<TrafficViolation> violations = new LinkedList<TrafficViolation>();
                string strTrafficViolationsFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/TrafficViolations.tts");
    
                if (System.IO.File.Exists(strTrafficViolationsFile))
                {
                    using (fsTrafficViolations = new FileStream(strTrafficViolationsFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                    {
                        violations = (LinkedList<TrafficViolation>)bfTrafficViolations.Deserialize(fsTrafficViolations);
                    }
    
                    TrafficViolation violation = new TrafficViolation();
                    violation.TrafficViolationNumber = int.Parse(collection["TrafficViolationNumber"]);
    
                    LinkedListNode<TrafficViolation> nodeTrafficViolation = violations.FindLast(violation);
    
                    ViewData["TrafficViolationNumber"] = collection["TrafficViolationNumber"];
    
                    ViewData["ViolationDate"] = nodeTrafficViolation.Value.ViolationDate;
                    ViewData["ViolationTime"] = nodeTrafficViolation.Value.ViolationTime;
                    ViewData["PaymentAmount"] = nodeTrafficViolation.Value.PaymentAmount.ToString("C");
                    ViewData["PaymentDueDate"] = nodeTrafficViolation.Value.PaymentDueDate;
    
                    ViewData["PhotoVideo"] = GetPhotoVideoOptions(nodeTrafficViolation.Value.PhotoAvailable, nodeTrafficViolation.Value.VideoAvailable);
    
                    FileStream fsViolationsTypes = null;
                    ViolationType category = new ViolationType();
                    BinaryFormatter bfViolationsTypes = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<ViolationType> categories = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
                    string strViolationsTypesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/ViolationsTypes.tts");
    
                    if (System.IO.File.Exists(strViolationsTypesFile))
                    {
                        using (fsViolationsTypes = new FileStream(strViolationsTypesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                        {
                            categories = (LinkedList<ViolationType>)bfViolationsTypes.Deserialize(fsViolationsTypes);
                        }
    
                        category.ViolationName = nodeTrafficViolation.Value.ViolationName;
    
                        LinkedListNode<ViolationType> type = categories.Find(category);
                        ViewData["ViolationName"] = nodeTrafficViolation.Value.ViolationName;
                        ViewData["ViolationDescription"] = type.Value.Description;
                    }
    
                    FileStream fsVehicles = null;
                    Vehicle car = new Vehicle();
                    BinaryFormatter bfVehicles = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<Vehicle> vehicles = new LinkedList<Vehicle>();
    
                    string strVehiclesFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Vehicles.tts");
    
                    using (fsVehicles = new FileStream(strVehiclesFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                    {
                        vehicles = (LinkedList<Vehicle>)bfVehicles.Deserialize(fsVehicles);
                    }
    
                    car.TagNumber = nodeTrafficViolation.Value.TagNumber;
                    LinkedListNode<Vehicle> nodeVehicle = vehicles.FindLast(car);
    
                    ViewData["Vehicle"] = nodeVehicle.Value.Make + " " + nodeVehicle.Value.Model + ", " +
                                      nodeVehicle.Value.Color + ", " + nodeVehicle.Value.VehicleYear + " (Tag # " +
                                      nodeVehicle.Value.TagNumber + ")";
    
                    FileStream fsDrivers = null;
                    Driver driver = new Driver();
                    BinaryFormatter bfDrivers = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<Driver> drivers = new LinkedList<Driver>();
                    string strDriversFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Drivers.tts");
    
                    using (fsDrivers = new FileStream(strDriversFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                    {
                        drivers = (LinkedList<Driver>)bfDrivers.Deserialize(fsDrivers);
                    }
    
                    driver.DrvLicNumber = nodeVehicle.Value.DrvLicNumber;
                    LinkedListNode<Driver> person = drivers.Find(driver);
    
                    ViewData["DriverName"] = person.Value.FirstName + " " + person.Value.LastName + " (Drv. Lic. # " + driver.DrvLicNumber + ")";
                    ViewData["DriverAddress"] = person.Value.Address + " " + person.Value.City + ", " + person.Value.State + " " + person.Value.ZIPCode;
    
                    FileStream fsCameras = null;
                    BinaryFormatter bfCameras = new BinaryFormatter();
                    LinkedList<Camera> cameras = new LinkedList<Camera>();
                    string strCamerasFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Cameras.tts");
                    LinkedList<ViolationType> violationsTypes = new LinkedList<ViolationType>();
    
                    using (fsCameras = new FileStream(strCamerasFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                    {
                        cameras = (LinkedList<Camera>)bfCameras.Deserialize(fsCameras);
                    }
    
                    Camera camera = new Camera();
    
                    camera.CameraNumber = nodeTrafficViolation.Value.CameraNumber;
    
                    LinkedListNode<Camera> viewer = cameras.FindLast(camera);
    
                    ViewData["Camera"] = viewer.Value.Make + " " + viewer.Value.Model + " (" + viewer.Value.CameraNumber + ")";
                    ViewData["ViolationLocation"] = viewer.Value.Location;
                }
    
                return View();
            }
        }
    }

84. In the class, right-click the public ActionResult Index() line -> Add View...
85. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying Index.
    Click Add
86. Change the document as follows:

    @model IEnumerable<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.TrafficViolation>
    
    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Traffic Violations";
    }
    
    <h2 class="bold maroon common-font text-center">Traffic Violations</h2>
    
    <table class="table table-hover common-font">
        <tr>
            <th class="text-center">@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.TrafficViolationNumber)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.CameraNumber)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.TagNumber)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.ViolationName)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.ViolationDate)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.ViolationTime)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.PhotoAvailable)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.VideoAvailable)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.PaymentDueDate)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.PaymentDate)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.PaymentAmount)</th>
            <th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.PaymentStatus)</th>
        </tr>
    
        @foreach (var item in Model)
        {
            <tr>
                <td class="text-center">@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.TrafficViolationNumber)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.CameraNumber)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.TagNumber)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.ViolationName)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.ViolationDate)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.ViolationTime)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.PhotoAvailable)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.VideoAvailable)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.PaymentDueDate)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.PaymentDate)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.PaymentAmount)</td>
                <td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.PaymentStatus)</td>
            </tr>
        }
    </table>
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Process a New Traffic Violation", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review a Traffic Violation", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update a Traffic Violation", "PrepareEdit") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Suspend/Delete/Cancel a Traffic Violation", "PrepareDelete") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Prepare/Review a Citation", "PrepareCitation")
    </p>

87. Click the TrafficViolationsController.cs tab
88. In the class, right-click the public ActionResult Details() line -> Add View...
89. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying Details.
    Click Add
90. Change the document as follows:

    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Traffic Violation Details";
    }
    
    @{
        double dPaymentAmount = 0.00;
        string strTagNumber = string.Empty;
        string strPaymentDate = string.Empty;
        string strCameraNumber = string.Empty;
        string strPaymentStatus = string.Empty;
        string strViolationName = string.Empty;
        string strViolationDate = string.Empty;
        string strViolationTime = string.Empty;
        string strPhotoAvailable = string.Empty;
        string strVideoAvailable = string.Empty;
        string strPaymentDueDate = string.Empty;
        string strTrafficViolationNumber = string.Empty;
    
    
        if (IsPost)
        {
            strTrafficViolationNumber = Request["TrafficViolationNumber"];
    
            FileStream fsTrafficViolations = null;
            string strTrafficViolationsFile = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/TrafficViolations.tts");
            LinkedList<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.TrafficViolation> violations = new LinkedList<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.TrafficViolation>();
            System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter bfTrafficViolations = new System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter();
    
            if (System.IO.File.Exists(strTrafficViolationsFile))
            {
                using (fsTrafficViolations = new FileStream(strTrafficViolationsFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
                {
                    violations = (LinkedList<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.TrafficViolation>)bfTrafficViolations.Deserialize(fsTrafficViolations);
                }
    
                TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.TrafficViolation violation = new TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.TrafficViolation();
                violation.TrafficViolationNumber = int.Parse(strTrafficViolationNumber);
    
                LinkedListNode<TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.TrafficViolation> node = violations.FindLast(violation);
    
                strTagNumber = node.Value.TagNumber;
                strPaymentDate = node.Value.PaymentDate;
                strCameraNumber = node.Value.CameraNumber;
                strPaymentStatus = node.Value.PaymentStatus;
                dPaymentAmount = node.Value.PaymentAmount;
                strViolationName = node.Value.ViolationName;
                strViolationDate = node.Value.ViolationDate;
                strViolationTime = node.Value.ViolationTime;
                strPhotoAvailable = node.Value.PhotoAvailable;
                strVideoAvailable = node.Value.VideoAvailable;
                strPaymentDueDate = node.Value.PaymentDueDate;
            }
        }
    }
    
    <h2 class="common-font bold maroon text-center">Traffic Violation Details</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm())
    {
        <div class="large-content">
            <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="tvn" class="control-label col-md-4 maroon">Traffic Violation #</label>
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        @Html.TextBox("TrafficViolationNumber", @strTrafficViolationNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "tvn" })
                    </div>
                    <div class="col-md-4"><input type="submit" value="Find Traffic Violation" class="btn btn-warning" /></div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="cmrNbr" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Camera #</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("CameraNumber", @strCameraNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "cmrNbr" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="tagNbr" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Tag #</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("TagNumber", @strTagNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "tagNbr" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="vType" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Violation Type</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("ViolationName", @strViolationName, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "vType" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="vDate" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Violation Date</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("ViolationDate", @strViolationDate, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "vDate" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="vTime" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Violation Time</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("ViolationTime", @strViolationTime, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "vTime" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="photo" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Photo Available</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("PhotoAvailable", @strPhotoAvailable, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "photo" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="video" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Video Available</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("VideoAvailable", @strVideoAvailable, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "video" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="pdd" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Payment Due Date</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("PaymentDueDate", @strPaymentDueDate, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "pdd" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="pmtDate" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Payment Date</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("PaymentDate", @strPaymentDate, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "pmtDate" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="pmtAmount" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Payment Amount</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("PaymentAmount", @dPaymentAmount, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "pmtAmount" })</div>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="pmtStatus" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Payment Status</label>
                    <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("PaymentStatus", @strPaymentStatus, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "pmtStatus" })</div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Traffic Violations", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Process/Create a Traffic Violation", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update a Traffic Violation", "PrepareEdit") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Delete/Remove a Traffic Violation", "PrepareDelete") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Create/Review a Traffic Citation", "Citation")
    </p>

91. Click the TrafficViolations.cs tab
92. In the class, right-click the public ActionResult Create() line -> Add View...
93. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying Create.
    Click Add
94. Change the document as follows:

    @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.TrafficViolation
    
    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Create Traffic Violation";
    }
    
    <h2 class="common-font text-center bold maroon">Traffic Violation Issuance</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm())
    {
        @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    
        <div class="containment">
            <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.TrafficViolationNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.TextBox("TrafficViolationNumber", @ViewData["TrafficViolationNumber"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.TrafficViolationNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.CameraNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.DropDownList("CameraNumber", ViewData["CamerasNumbers"] as SelectList, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.CameraNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.TagNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.TagNumber, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.TagNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.ViolationName, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.DropDownList("ViolationName", ViewData["ViolationName"] as SelectList, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.ViolationName, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.ViolationDate, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.TextBox("ViolationDate", null, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", type = "Date" })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.ViolationDate, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.ViolationTime, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.ViolationTime, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.ViolationTime, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.PhotoAvailable, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.DropDownList("PhotoAvailable", ViewData["PhotoAvailable"] as SelectList, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.PhotoAvailable, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.VideoAvailable, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.DropDownList("VideoAvailable", ViewData["PhotoAvailable"] as SelectList, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.VideoAvailable, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.PaymentDueDate, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.TextBox("PaymentDueDate", null, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", type = "Date" })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.PaymentDueDate, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.PaymentDate, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.PaymentDate, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.PaymentDate, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.PaymentAmount, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.PaymentAmount, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.PaymentAmount, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.PaymentStatus, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-5 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-7">
                        @Html.DropDownList("PaymentStatus", ViewData["PaymentStatus"] as SelectList, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control" })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.PaymentStatus, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                </div>
    
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label class="col-md-6"></label>
                    <div class="col-md-6">
                        <input type="submit" value="Save this Traffic Violation Record" class="btn btn-warning" />
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Traffic Violations", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review a Traffic Violation", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update a Traffic Violation", "PrepareEdit") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Delete/Remove a Traffic Violation", "PrepareDelete") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Prepare/Review a Citation", "Citation")
    </p>

95. Click the TrafficViolationsController.cs tab
96. In the class, right-click the public ActionResult PrepareEdit() line -> Add View...
97. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying PrepareEdit.
    Click Add
98. Create the form as follows:

    @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.TrafficViolation
    
    @{
        ViewBag.Title = "Prepare Traffic Violation Edit";
    }
    
    <h2 class="common-font bold maroon text-center">Prepare Traffic Violation Edition</h2>
    
    <hr />
    
    @using (Html.BeginForm("ConfirmEdit", "TrafficViolations", FormMethod.Post))
    {
        @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    
        <div class="large-content">
            <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                <div class="form-group">
                    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.TrafficViolationNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-4 maroon" })
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.TrafficViolationNumber, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.TrafficViolationNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                    </div>
                    <div class="col-md-4">
                        <p><input type="submit" value="Find Traffic Violation" class="btn btn-warning" /></p>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    }
    
    <hr />
    
    <p class="text-center">
        @Html.ActionLink("Traffic Violations", "Index") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Process a New Traffic Violation", "Create") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Review a Traffic Violation", "Details") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Suspend/Delete/Cancel a Traffic Violation", "PrepareDelete") ::
        @Html.ActionLink("Prepare/Review a Citation", "Citation")</p>

99. Click the TrafficViolations.cs tab
100. In the class, right-click the public ActionResult ConfirmEdit line -> Add View...
101. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying ConfirmEdit.
     Click Add
102. Change the document as follows:

     @{
         ViewBag.Title = "Confirm Traffic Violation Edit";
     }
     
     <h2 class="common-font bold maroon text-center">Confirm Traffic Violation Edition</h2>
     
     <hr />
     
     @using (Html.BeginForm("Edit", "TrafficViolations", FormMethod.Post))
     {
         <div class="large-content">
             <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                 @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="tvn" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Traffic Violation #</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">
                         @Html.TextBox("TrafficViolationNumber", @ViewData["TrafficViolationNumber"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "tvn" })
                     </div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="cmrNbr" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Camera #</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.DropDownList("CameraNumber", @ViewData["CamerasNumbers"] as SelectList, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "cmrNbr" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="tagNbr" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Tag #</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("TagNumber", @ViewData["TagNumber"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "tagNbr" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="vType" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Violation Type</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.DropDownList("ViolationName", @ViewData["ViolationsNames"] as SelectList, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "vType" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="vDate" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Violation Date</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("ViolationDate", @ViewData["ViolationDate"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "vDate" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="vTime" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Violation Time</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("ViolationTime", @ViewData["ViolationTime"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "vTime" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="photo" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Photo Available</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.DropDownList("PhotoAvailable", @ViewData["PhotosAvailable"] as SelectList, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "photo" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="video" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Video Available</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.DropDownList("VideoAvailable", @ViewData["VideosAvailable"] as SelectList, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "video" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="pdd" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Payment Due Date</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("PaymentDueDate", @ViewData["PaymentDueDate"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "pdd" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="pmtDate" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Payment Date</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("PaymentDate", @ViewData["PaymentDate"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "pmtDate" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="pmtAmount" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Payment Amount</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("PaymentAmount", @ViewData["PaymentAmount"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "pmtAmount" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="pmtStatus" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Payment Status</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.DropDownList("PaymentStatus", @ViewData["PaymentsStatus"] as SelectList, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "pmtStatus" })</div>
                 </div>
             </div>
         </div>
     
         <hr />
     
         <div class="form-group">
             <label class="col-md-6 control-label"></label>
             <div class="col-md-6">
                 <p><input type="submit" value="Update Traffic Violation" class="btn btn-warning" /></p>
             </div>
         </div>
     }
     
     <hr />
     
     <p class="text-center">
         @Html.ActionLink("Traffic Violations", "Index") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Process/Create a Traffic Violation", "Create") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update a Traffic Violation", "PrepareEdit") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Delete/Remove a Traffic Violation", "PrepareDelete") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Create/Review a Traffic Citation", "Citation")
     </p>

103. Click the TrafficViolationsController.cs tab
104. In the class, right-click the public ActionResult PrepareDelete() line -> Add View...
105. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying PrepareDelete.
     Click Add
106. Create a form as follows:

     @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.TrafficViolation
     
     @{
         ViewBag.Title = "Prepare Traffic Violation Delete";
     }
     
     <h2 class="bold common-font maroon text-center">Prepare to Delete Traffic Violation</h2>
     
     <hr />
     
     @using (Html.BeginForm("ConfirmDelete", "TrafficViolations", FormMethod.Post))
     {
         @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
     
         <div class="large-content">
             <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                 @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                 <div class="form-group">
                     @Html.LabelFor(model => model.TrafficViolationNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-4 maroon" })
                     <div class="col-md-4">
                         @Html.EditorFor(model => model.TrafficViolationNumber, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                         @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.TrafficViolationNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                     </div>
                     <div class="col-md-4">
                         <p><input type="submit" value="Find Traffic Violation" class="btn btn-warning" /></p>
                     </div>
                 </div>
             </div>
         </div>
     }
     <hr />
     
     <p class="text-center">
         @Html.ActionLink("Traffic Violations", "Index") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Process a New Traffic Violation", "Create") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Review a Traffic Violation", "Details") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update a Traffic Violation", "PrepareEdit") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Prepare/Review a Citation", "PrepareCitate")</p>

107. Click the TrafficViolationsController.cs tab
108. In the controller, right-click the public ActionResult ConfirmDelete line -> Add View...
109. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying ConfirmDelete.
     Click Add
110. Create the form as follows:

     @{
         ViewBag.Title = "Confirm Traffic Violation Delete";
     }
     
     <h2 class="common-font bold maroon text-center">Confirm Traffic Violation Delete</h2>
     
     <hr />
     
     @using (Html.BeginForm("Delete", "TrafficViolations", FormMethod.Post))
     {
         <div class="large-content">
             <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                 @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="tvn" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Traffic Violation #</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">
                         @Html.TextBox("TrafficViolationNumber", @ViewData["TrafficViolationNumber"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "tvn" })
                     </div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="cmrNbr" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Camera #</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("CameraNumber", @ViewData["CamerasNumbers"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "cmrNbr" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="tagNbr" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Tag #</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("TagNumber", @ViewData["TagNumber"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "tagNbr" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="vType" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Violation Type</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("ViolationName", @ViewData["ViolationsNames"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "vType" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="vDate" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Violation Date</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("ViolationDate", @ViewData["ViolationDate"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "vDate" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="vTime" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Violation Time</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("ViolationTime", @ViewData["ViolationTime"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "vTime" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="photo" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Photo Available</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("PhotoAvailable", @ViewData["PhotosAvailable"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "photo" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="video" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Video Available</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("VideoAvailable", @ViewData["VideosAvailable"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "video" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="pdd" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Payment Due Date</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("PaymentDueDate", @ViewData["PaymentDueDate"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "pdd" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="pmtDate" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Payment Date</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("PaymentDate", @ViewData["PaymentDate"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "pmtDate" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="pmtAmount" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Payment Amount</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("PaymentAmount", @ViewData["PaymentAmount"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "pmtAmount" })</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label for="pmtStatus" class="control-label col-md-5 maroon">Payment Status</label>
                     <div class="col-md-7">@Html.TextBox("PaymentStatus", @ViewData["PaymentsStatus"] as string, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control", id = "pmtStatus" })</div>
                 </div>
             </div>
         </div>
     
         <hr />
     
         <div class="form-group">
             <label class="col-md-6 control-label"></label>
             <div class="col-md-6">
                 <p><input type="submit" value="Delete this Traffic Violation" class="btn btn-warning" /></p>
             </div>
         </div>
     }
     
     <hr />
     
     <p class="text-center">
         @Html.ActionLink("Traffic Violations", "Index") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Process/Create a Traffic Violation", "Create") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update a Traffic Violation", "PrepareEdit") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Delete/Remove a Traffic Violation", "PrepareDelete") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Create/Review a Traffic Citation", "PrepareCitation")
     </p>

111. Click the TrafficViolationsController.cs tab
112. In the class, right-click the public ActionResult PrepareCitation() line -> Add View...
113. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying PrepareCitation.
     Click Add
114. Create a form as follows:

     @model TrafficTicketsSystem1.Models.TrafficViolation
     
     @{
         ViewBag.Title = "Prepare Citation/Infraction";
     }
     
     <h2 class="maroon bold text-center common-font">Prepare Citation/Infraction</h2>
     
     <hr />
     
     @using (Html.BeginForm("PresentCitation", "TrafficViolations", FormMethod.Post))
     {
         @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
     
         <div class="large-content">
             <div class="form-horizontal common-font">
                 @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                 <div class="form-group">
                     @Html.LabelFor(model => model.TrafficViolationNumber, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-4 maroon" })
                     <div class="col-md-4">
                         @Html.EditorFor(model => model.TrafficViolationNumber, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                         @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.TrafficViolationNumber, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
                     </div>
                     <div class="col-md-4">
                         <p><input type="submit" value="Find Traffic Violation" class="btn btn-warning" /></p>
                     </div>
                 </div>
             </div>
         </div>
     }
     <hr />
     
     <p class="text-center">
         @Html.ActionLink("Traffic Violations", "Index") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Process a New Traffic Violation", "Create") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Review a Traffic Violation", "Details") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Edit/Update a Traffic Violation", "PrepareEdit") ::
         @Html.ActionLink("Delete/Dismiss a Traffic Violation", "PrepareDelete")</p>

115. Click the TrafficViolationsController.cs tab
116. In the class, right-click PresentCitation() -> Add View...
117. Make sure the View Name text box is displaying PresentPresentation.
     Click Add
118. Create the webpage as follows:

     @{
         ViewBag.Title = "Citation";
     }
     
     <div>
         <h2 class="common-font bold text-center maroon">City of Jamies Town</h2>
         <h3 class="text-center common-font bold">6824 Cochran Ave, Ste 318<br />Jamies Town, MD 20540</h3>
     
         <div class="row common-font">
             <div class="col-md-8">
                 <h4 class="common-font bold">Citation #: @ViewData["TrafficViolationNumber"]</h4>
     
                 <h4 class="common-font bold">Violation Type: @ViewData["ViolationName"] Violation</h4>
                 <hr />
                 <h4 class="common-font bold">@ViewData["DriverName"]</h4>
                 <h5 class="common-font bold">@ViewData["DriverAddress"]"</h5>
                 <h5 class="common-font bold">Vehicle: @ViewData["Vehicle"]</h5>
                 <hr />
                 <h5 class="common-font bold">To @ViewData["DriverName"]</h5>
     
                 <p>Our records indicate that on @ViewData["ViolationDate"] at @ViewData["ViolationTime"], at @ViewData["ViolationLocation"], the above mentioned vehicle committed a @ViewData["ViolationName"] violation. @ViewData["ViolationDescription"].</p>
     
                 <p>If you recognize the traffic violation, please pay @ViewData["PaymentAmount"] by @ViewData["PaymentDueDate"]. Failure to pay the amount by that date will result in an increase of the fine and could result in the suspension of your driving priviledges. If you dispute the violation, to eventually appear in court, please fill out the form on the back of this document and send it back to us.</p>
             </div>
             <div class="col-md-4">
                 <p>@ViewData["PhotoVideo"]</p>
             </div>
         </div>
     </div>

Clearing a Linked List

Clearing a list consists of deleting all of its item. To do this, you could continuous call one of the versions of the Remove() method. A faster solution is to call the Clear() method. Its syntax is:

public void Clear();

Practical Learning: Finalyzing the Application

1. In the Solution Explorer, under Views, expand Shared and click _Layout.cshtml
2. Change the document as follows:

   <!DOCTYPE html>
   <html>
   <head>
       <meta charset="utf-8" />
       <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
       <title>Traffic Tickets System :: @ViewBag.Title</title>
       @Styles.Render("~/Content/css")
       @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/modernizr")
   </head>
   <body>
       <div class="navbar-top-fixed">
           <div class="row">
               <div class="col-md-3" style="background-color: rgb(133, 17, 0); height: 6.15em"></div>
               <div class="col-md-6" style="background-image: url(/Images/tts1.png); height: 6.15em"></div>
               <div class="col-md-3" style="background-image: url(/Images/tts2.png); height: 6.15em"></div>
           </div>
       </div>
   
       <div class="navbar navbar-inverse navbar-fixed-top">
           <div class="container">
               <div class="navbar-header">
                   <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".navbar-collapse">
                       <span class="icon-bar"></span>
                       <span class="icon-bar"></span>
                       <span class="icon-bar"></span>
                   </button>
                   @Html.ActionLink("TRAFFIC TICKETS SYSTEM", "Index", "Home", new { area = "" }, new { @class = "navbar-brand" })
               </div>
               <div class="navbar-collapse collapse">
                   <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
                       <li>@Html.ActionLink("CAMERAS", "Index", "Cameras")</li>
                       <li>@Html.ActionLink("DRIVERS", "Index", "Drivers")</li>
                       <li>@Html.ActionLink("VEHICLES", "Index", "Vehicles")</li>
                       <li>@Html.ActionLink("VIOLATIONS TYPES", "Index", "ViolationsTypes")</li>
                       <li>@Html.ActionLink("TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS", "Index", "TrafficViolations")</li>
                       <li>@Html.ActionLink("ABOUT US", "About", "Home")</li>
                       <li>@Html.ActionLink("CONTACT TTS", "Contact", "Home")</li>
                   </ul>
               </div>
           </div>
       </div>
       <div class="container body-content push-down">
           @RenderBody()
   
           <footer>
               <div class="row">
                   <div class="col-md-3">
                       <div class="bottom-title">LOCAL GOVERNMENTS</div>
                       <ul>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("Chesterworth County", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("Ramses County", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("Peyton County", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("Clarendon County", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                       </ul>
                   </div>
                   <div class="col-md-3">
                       <div class="bottom-title">CITY HALL</div>
                       <ul>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("Office of the Mayor", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("Human Resources", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("County Executive", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("State Governor", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                       </ul>
                   </div>
                   <div class="col-md-3">
                       <div class="bottom-title">PUBLIC SERVICES</div>
                       <ul>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("Laymans Library", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("Entertainment", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("Weekend Programs", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("Kids/Teens Info", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                       </ul>
                   </div>
                   <div class="col-md-3">
                       <div class="bottom-title">MISCELLANEOUS</div>
                       <ul>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("Labor/Regulations", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("Taxes Information", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("Seasonals/Weather", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                           <li>@Html.ActionLink("Education", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "bottom-lead" })</li>
                       </ul>
                   </div>
               </div>
               <hr />
               <p class="text-center common-font yellow">&copy; @DateTime.Now.Year - Traffic Tickets System</p>
   
           </footer>
       </div>
   
       @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jquery")
       @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/bootstrap")
       @RenderSection("scripts", required: false)
   </body>
   </html>

3. In the Solution Explorer, under Views, expand Home and click Index.cshtml
4. Change the document as follows:

   @{
       ViewBag.Title = "Welcoome to TTS";
   }
   
   <div class="row">
       <div class="col-md-20">
           <div class="management">
               <br />
               <div class="box-title yellow">MANAGEMENT</div>
               <ul>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Public Relations", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Districts/Precincts", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Crime Statistics", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Neighborhood Watch", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Social Calendar", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Careers", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Volunteers", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Internal Affairs", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Stress Management", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Patrol Services", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Field Services", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Investigations", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Communities", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Forms & Fees", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Press Releases", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
               </ul>
               <hr />
           </div>
   
       </div>
       <div class="col-md-60">
           <div class="text-center">
               <img src="~/Images/tts3.png" width="668" height="180" alt="Traffic Tickets System" class="bordered" />
           </div>
           <div>
               <p class="lead">The Solomon County Police Department is a division of the Solomon County government. This department is proud to insure the safety, security, and wellbeing of both our citizens and our visitors.</p>
   
   
               <div class="row">
                   <div class="col-md-30 while-box">
                       <h2>Government</h2>
                       <p>Citizens and visitors can get more information about the available services and duties.</p>
                   </div>
                   <div class="col-md-30 while-box">
                       <h2>Community</h2>
                       <p>Here you can find more information about public parks (recreatiional parks, etc).</p>
                   </div>
                   <div class="col-md-30 while-box">
                       <h2>Relations</h2>
                       <p>Here is information about our activities, how we operate, and our future projects.</p>
                   </div>
               </div>
           </div>
       </div>
       <div class="col-md-20">
           <div class="management">
               <br />
               <div class="box-title yellow">USEFUL INFO</div>
               <ul>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Questions/Help", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("News and Events", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Safety Tips", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Knowledge Base", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
                   <li>@Html.ActionLink("Interships", "Index", "Home", htmlAttributes: new { @class = "manage-lead" })</li>
               </ul>
               <br />
           </div>
           <div>
               <br />
               <img src="~/Images/tts4.png" width="182" height="180" alt="Traffic Tickets System" />
               <br />
           </div>
       </div>
   </div>
   
   <br />

5. To execute, press Ctrl + F5

   

6. Click the CAMERAS link:

   

7. Click the Create New Camera link:

   

8. Enter the following values in the text boxes and click Save the Camera Setup each time to same a record:
   
   

   Camera #	Make	Model	Location
   DGH-38460	Ashton Digital	MPH-6000	Eastern Ave and Ashburry Drv
   ELQ-79284	Seaside International	BL5	Monroe Str and Westview Rd
   MSR-59575	Ashton Digital	MPH-6202	Concordia Blvd and Sunset Way
   DHT-29417	Woodson and Sons	NG200	Temple Ave and Barclay Rd
   AHR-41518	Igawa Worldwide	442i	Eucharist Ave
   HTR-93847	Ashton Digital	366d	Monrovia Str at Moon Springs
   485W070	Igawa International	448H	Sleepy Hollow Avenue

9. Click Camera Details

   

10. In the Camera text box, type MSR-59575
11. Click Find

    

12. Click Edit/Update Camera Details

    

13. In the Camera # text box, type AHR-41518
14. Click Find Camera
15. Change the following values:

    Make: Seaside International
    Location:  Chesterwood Rd and Old Dutler Str

16. Click Save Camera Record
17. Click Delete/Remove Camera

    

18. In the Camera # text box, type 485W070
19. Click Find Camera
20. Click Delete this Camera's Record
21. Click the DRIVERS link
22. Click Issue New Driver's License

    

23. Create some records using the following values:
    
    

    Drv. Lic. #	First Name	Last Name	Address	City	County	State	ZIP Code
    296 840 681	Simon	Havers	1884 Stewart Ln	Kittanning	Armstrong	PA	15638
    273-79-4157	Terrence	McConnell	8304 Polland Str	Meadowview	Washington	VA	24361
    A402-630-468	Patrick	Atherton	10744 Quincy Blvd	Cumberland:	Allegany	MD	21502
    C-684-394-527	Sarah	Cuchran	10804 Euton Rd:	Shawnee Land		VA	24450
    E-928-374-025	Jeannette	Eubanks	794 Arrowhead Ave	Vienna	Dorchester	MD	21869
    593 804 597	George	Higgins	884 Willingmont Drv	Krumsville	Berks	PA	19530
    72938468	Victoria	Huband	3958 Lubber Court	Middletown	New Castle	DE	19709
    851608526	Patrick	Whalley	10227 Woodrow Rd	Shelbyville	Bedford	TN	38561
    W639-285-940	David	Woodbank	9703 Abington Ave	Hurlock	Dorchester	MD	21643
    S-283-942-646	Emilie	Sainsbury	4048 Utah Rd	Denville	Morris	NJ	07961
    860586175	Kelly	Murray	8622 Rutger Farms Str	Rutger Farms	Macon	TN	37122

24. Click the VEHICLES link
25. Click Register New Vehicle

    

26. Create the following records: side of the New Real Estate Property button, add a new button and set its characteristics as follows:
    (Name):
    Text:     Review Properties...

    Tag #	Drv. Lic. #	Make	Model	Year	Color
    8DE9275	296 840 681	Ford	Focus SF	2000	Gray
    KLT4805	593 804 597	Toyota	Corolla LE	2016	Maroon
    KAS9314	W639-285-940	Cadillac	Escalade	2008	Cream
    HAK3936	S-283-942-646	Chrysler	Crossfire	2006	Red
    PER2849	296 840 681	Buick	LeSabre	2012	Silver
    MWH4685	851608526	Honda	Accord	2008	Blue
    971384	E-928-374-025	BMW	325i	2015	Navy
    5293WPL	C-684-394-527	Ford	Transit Connect	2018	Navy
    MKR9374	273-79-4157	Lincoln	MKT	2018	Black
    FKEWKR	72938468	Toyota	Camry	2010	Silver

27. Click VIOLATIONS TYPES
28. Click Create New Violation Type:

    

29. Create some violations types using the following values:
    
    

    Violation Name	Description
    Speed	The vehicle drove at a speed significantly above the speed limit. The laws in this state require that every non-emergency and non-utility vehicle drives at or below the posted speed limit (or at or below the default speed regulation where the speed is not clearly posted).
    Stop Sign	The vehicle did not stop at the Stop sign. The law in our state indicates every non-emergency vehicle to completely stop at every Stop sign, regardless of the presence or absence of incoming or adjacent vehicles.
    Red Light Steady	The vehicle drove through a steady red light. The law in our state requires that when a vehicle approaches a steady red light, it must completely stop and wait for the light to change to green.
    Red Light Flashing	The vehicle drove through a red light that was flashing (or blinking). The laws in this state require that if a vehicle comes to a flashing red light, whether it is at an intersection or not, the vehicle must first stop complete, the drive must observe around for pedestrians, animals, and other cars, and then cautiously.
    Red Light Right Turn	The vehicle turns to the right without stopping. The laws in our state require that, when a vehicle reaches a traffic light and wants to make a right turn, if the light is red, regardless of any presence or not of another vehicle or pedestrian, the vehicle must first stop completely, and then make the right turn.

30. Click the TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS link
31. Click Process a New Traffic Violation

    

32. Create some records using the following values:
    
    

    Traffic Violation #	Camera #	Tag #	Violation Type	Violation Date	Violation Time	Photo Available	Video Available	Payment Due Date	Payment Date	Payment Amount	Payment Status
    68469242	MSR-59575	KLT4805	Stop Sign	01/18/2019	09:12:35	Yes	Yes	02/28/2019	02-27-2018	75	Paid On Time
    29727048	DHT-29417	971384	Speed	02/06/2019	19:04:47	No	Yes	04-05-2019	03-31-2018	85	Paid On Time
    42717297	DGH-38460	PER2849	Red Light Steady	01/31/2019	05:15:18	Yes	No	03/10/2019		125	Pending
    47827081	AHR-41518	MWH4685	Speed	03-31-2019	22:07:31	Yes	No	02-28-2019		60	Pending
    47183148	MSR-59575	8DE9275	Stop Sign	01/18/2019	14:22:48	No	Yes	03/10/2019	03/27/2018	90	Paid Late
    26850869	ELQ-79284	KLT4805	Speed	04-12-2019	08:16:22	No	Yes	06-08-2019		100	Cancelled
    37920479	HTR-93847	PER2849	Red Light Flashing	01/28/2019	22:14:53	No	No	03/02/2019	03-01-2018	45	Rejected
    82424140	DGH-38460	KAS9314	Red Light Right Turn	01/31/2019	12:30:11	Yes	No	02-28-2019	04-02-2018	90	Paid Late
    44808258	DHT-29417	FKEWKR	Speed	03/05/2019	16:07:15	No	Yes	04/22/2019	04/15/2018	85	Paid On Time
    74806976	DHT-29417	971384	Speed	02/06/2019	11:58:06	No	Yes	04/05/2019	03/31/2018	85	Paid On Time
    59718502	ELQ-79284	8DE9275	Speed	04-15-2019	15:25:53	Yes	No	06/02/2019		40	Pending

33. Click Prepare/Review a Citation

    

34. In the text box, type 42717297
35. Click Find Traffic Violation:

    

36. Close the browser and return to your programming environment
37. Close your programming environment

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