Blender Materials: A Glassy Object

	Blender Materials: A Glass Object

Introduction

Many of the materials used in Blender are complete by themselves. One way to enhance the effects of materials is to combine them. This operation includes the materials we have already seen: Diffusion BSDF, Glossy BSDF, and Glass BSDF. Blender provides many options to that effect.

Practical Learning: Starting the Project

Start Blender
In the top menu bar, click Blender Render and select Cycles Render
In the Properties window, in the Resolution section, click 50%, type 100 and press Enter
Still in the Properties window, click Sampling to expand it
In the Sampling section, click the Render value, type 2000 and press Enter
In the Properties window, click the Object button
Position the mouse on the default cube and press X
On the menu that comes up, click Delete

Practical Learning: Creating a Classic Cup

On the Tools window, click Create
Click Cylinder
On the menu bar of the 3D-View, click Object Mode and click Edit Mode
On the menu bar of the 3D-View, click the Face Select button
Right-click the top face of the cylinder to select it
Press S to resize
Type 1.25 and press Enter
Press G to move the face
Press Z to move the face vertically
Type 1.5 and press Enter:
Position the mouse on the cylinder and press X to delete
In the menu that appears, click Faces:
On the menu bar of the 3D-View, click the Vertex Select button
Press and hold Alt
Right-click one of the top vertices to select all of them
Release Alt:
Press E as if you wanto extrude and press Enter
Press S as if you want to resize
Type .95 and press Enter:
Press Z to display in wireframe
In the Numeric Pad, press 1 and press 5 to display the orthogonal front view
Press E and press Enter
Press G
Press Z
Type -3.25 and press Enter:
Press S
Type .75 and press Enter:
Press Z to display in Solid view
Press Tab to display in Solid Mode
Move the view to display the cup in perspective:
In the Properties window, click the Object button
Click Cube to select it
Type Classic Cup and press Enter
In the Properties window, click the Modifiers button
Click Add Modifier and click Subdivision Surface:
Set the View value to 2
Position the mouse on the cylnder and press Tab to display in Edit Mode
Press Ctrl + R and get a horizontal ellipse on the cylinder
Click to create a cut
Move the cut as close as possible to the top border:
Press Ctrl + R and get a horizontal ellipse on the cylinder
Click to create a cut
Move the cut as close as possible to the top border:
Position the mouse inside the top border. Press Ctrl + R to get a horizontal inside cut
Click to create a cut
Move the inside cut as close as possible to the top border:
Press Z to display in wireframe
Psition the mouse inside the top border. Press Ctrl + R to get a horizontal inside cut
Click once to create the cut
Move the inside cut as close as possible to the inside bottom border:
Press Z to exit the wireframe
Move the view so you can see the bottm side of the cylinder
Press and hold Alt
Right-click one of hte bottom vertices to select them
Release Alt:
Press E and press Enter
Press S
Type .95 and press Enter:
Press Tab to display in Solid Mode
In the Properties window, click Apply
In the Tools window and in the Tools tab, click Smooth:
In the Outliner, click the Restricted Viewport Visibility button (the eye) on the right side of Classic Cup

Practical Learning: Creating a Bottle of Red Wine

In the Tools window, click Create
Click Cylinder
In the Add Cylinder section below the Tools window, change the following values:
```
Vertices:     48
Radius:       .4
Depth:        2.5
Location - Z: 1.25
```
To prepare to edit the cylinder, on the menu bar of the 3D View, click Object Mode and click Edit Mode
Move the view and zoom in so you can see the top side of the cylinder
On the menu bar of the 3D-View, click the Pivot Point button and select Active Element
On the menu bar of the 3D-View, click the Face Select button
On the cylinder, right-click the top face of the cylinder:
Press X to delete
On the menu that appears, click Faces
Position the mouse on the cylinder, press Ctrl + R and make sure you see a horizontal ellipse or line
Click twice to confirm the cut
Press G and press Z to move vertically
Type .75 and press Enter:
Position the mouse above the bottom border of the cylinder, press Ctrl + R and make sure you see a horizontal ellipse or line
Click twice to confirm the cut:
Press G and press Z to move vertically
Type .5 and press Enter:
On the menu bar of the 3D-View, click the Vertex Select button
Press and hold Alt
Right-click one of the vertices on the top side of the cylinder to select all top vertices of the bottle
Release Alt:
On the menu bar of the 3D-View, click the Pivot Point button and click Median Point
Press S to resize
Type .25 and press Enter
Press and hold Alt
Right-click the second line from the top of the cylinder to select the horizoontal cut
Release Alt:
Press S to resize
Type .25 and press Enter:
The second and third horizontal lines are the neck of the bottle.
Position the mouse on the neck of the bottle, press Ctrl + R and make sure you see a horizontal ellipse or line
Click twice to confirm the cut:
Press S to resize
Type 1.35 and press Enter:
Position the mouse between the third line from the top of the bottle and the fourth line, press Ctrl + R and make sure you see a horizontal ellipse or line
Click twice to confirm the cut
Press S to resize
Type 1.05 and press Enter:
Position the mouse between the second line from the top of the bottle and the third line, press Ctrl + R and make sure you see a horizontal ellipse or line
Click twice to confirm the cut
Press S to resize
Type .85 and press Enter:
Position the mouse between the second line from the top of the bottle and the third line, press Ctrl + R and make sure you see a horizontal ellipse or line
Click twice to confirm the cut
Press S to resize
Type 1.05 and press Enter:
Position the mouse between the third line from top and the fourth line from top, press Ctrl + R and make sure you see a horizontal ellipse or line
Click twice to confirm the cut
Press S
Type .92 and press Enter:
Move the view so you can see the bottom side of the cylinder
On the menu bar of the 3D-View, click the Vertex Select button
Press and hold Alt
Right-click one of the vertices on the bottom side of the cylinder to select all bottom vertices of the bottle
Release Alt:
Press E as if you want to extrude
Press S to move the vertices
Type .85 and press Enter:
Press E
Press S
Type 0 and press Enter:
On the cylinder, the central-bottom vertex should be selected (otherwise select it)
In the Numeric Pad, press 1 and then press 5 to get the orthogonal view
Press Z to display the object as a wireframe
Press G to prepare to move the vertex
Press Z to move vertically
Type .25 and press Enter:
Press Z to exit from wireframe
Press Tab to display in Object Mode
In the Properties window, click the Object button
Click Cylinder to select it
Type Bottle of Red Wine and press Enter
In the Properties window, click the Modifiers button
Click Add Modifier and click Solidify:
Click the Thickness value, type.02 and press Enter
Click Apply
Click Add Modifier and click Subdivision Surface
Set the View value to 2
Position the mouse on the bottle and press Tab to display in Edit Mode
Position the mouse in the upper section of the bottle, press Ctrl + R to get a horizontal line
Click once to accept the line
Move the line up as close as possible to the top border:
Position the mouse inside the top opening of the bottle, press Ctrl + R to get a horizontal line
Click once to confirm
Move the cut up as close as possible to the top border:
Move the shape so you can see the lower part of the bottle
Press Ctrl + R to get a horizontal cut and click once to cut
Move the line down close to the bottom border:
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click Edit Mode and click Object Mode
In the Properties window, click Apply
In the Tools window, click the Tools tab and click Smooth:

Practical Learning: Creating an Empty Bottle

Right-click the bottle to select it
Press Shift + D to make a copy of the bottle and press Enter
In the Properties window, click the Object button
Click Bottle of Red Window.001 to select it
Type Chantilly and press Enter
In the Outliner, click the Restricted Viewport Visibility button on the right side of Chantilly
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click Add -> Mesh -> Cylinder
In the Add Cylinder section below the Tools window, change the following values:
```
Vertices:     32
Radius:       .105
Depth:        .25
Location - Z: 2.4
```
Position the mouse in the work area and press Tab to display the cap (or cork) in Edit Mode
Press Ctrl + R and create a horizontal cut on the shape, then move it up as follows:
Create another horizontal cut and position it as follows:
On the menu bar of the 3D-View, click the Face Select button
Press and hold Shift, then right-click one of the middle faces, and release Shift:
Press E to extrude
Press S to move the faces
Type 1.1 and press Enter:
Press Tab to display the cap (or cork) in Object Mode
In the Tools section of the Tools window, click the Smooth button
While the cap is still selected, in the Object section of the Properties window, click Cylinder.00X to select it
Type Bottle Cap and press Enter
Position the mouse in the work area, press and hold Shift
Right-click the bottle to select it
Release Shift
Press Ctrl + P
In the menu that appears, click Object
In the Outliner, click the + button of Bottle of Red Wine to expand it
Still in the Outliner, click the Restricted Viewport Visibility button (the eye) on the right side of Bottle Cap
In the Outliner, click the Restricted Viewport Visibility button (the eye) on the right side of Bottle of Red Wine

Practical Learning: Creating a Bottle of White Wine

In the Tools window, click Create
Click Cylinder
In the Add Cylinder section below the Tools window, change the following values:
```
Vertices:     48
Radius:       .4
Depth:        2.5
Location - Z: 1.25
```
In the Object section of the Properties window, click Cylinder to select it
Type White Wine Bottle and press Enter
Position the mouse in the work area and press Tab to display in Edit Mode
Move the view so you can see the top side of the cylinder
Press Ctrl + Tab and, on the menu that appears, click Face
On the cylinder, right-click the top face of the cylinder, press X, and click Faces
Press Ctrl + R and make sure you get a horizontal cut on the object
Roll the middle mouse button slightly up to get 2 cuts:
Then click once to accept the cuts
Move the mouse a little bit up. Here is an example:
Press Alt and right-click a vertext in the top border to select all of them
Release Alt
Press S, type.25 and press Enter
Press Alt and right-click a vertext in the second cut to select those vertices
Release Alt
Type .25 and press Enter:
Position the mouse in the middle part of the bottle and press Ctrl + R to get a horizontal cut
Roll the middle mouse button to get 3 cut, then click twice to confirm. Here is an example:
Press and hold Alt, then right-click a cut to select its vertices, then release Alt, then press S and move the mouse to resize the cut. Model the bottle as follows:
Move the view so you can see the bottom side of the bottle
Press Alt, right-click a bottom vertext to select the whole border, then release Alt:
Press E and press Enter
Press S
Type .9 and press Enter:
Press E and press Enter
Press S
Type .5 and press Enter:
Press G to prepare to move the vertex
Press Z to move vertically
Type .05 and press Enter:
Press Tab to display the Object Mode
In the Properties window, click the Modifiers button
Click Add Modifier and click Solidify:
Click the Thickness value, type.02 and press Enter
Click Apply
Click Add Modifier and click Subdivision Surface
Set the View value to 2
Position the mouse on the bottle and press Tab to display in Edit Mode
Position the mouse in the upper section of the bottle, press Ctrl + R to get a horizontal line
Click twice to confirm
Move the blue line (Z axis) up as close as possible to the top border:
Move the view so you can see the bottom part of the bottle
Press Ctrl + R to get a horizontal cut and press twice to confirm
Move the line down close to the bottom border:
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click Edit Mode and click Object Mode
In the Properties window, click Apply
In the Tools window, click the Tools tab and click Smooth:
In the Outliner, click the Restricted Viewport Visibility button (the eye) on the right side of White Wine Bottle

Practical Learning: Creating the Red Wine

To position the mouse cursor, press Shift + S
On the menu that appears, click Cursor to Center
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click the Pivot Point button and click 3D Cursor
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click Add -> Mesh -> Cylinder

In the Add Cylinder section below the Tools window, change the following values:

Vertices:      48
Radius:        .365
Depth:         1.2
Cap Fill Type: Triangle Fan
Location     - Z: .62

In the Properties window, click the Object button
In the Object section of the Properties window, click Cylinder to select it
Type Red Wine and press Enter
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click Object Mode and click Edit Mode
Move the view so you can see the bottom side of the cylinder
On the menu bar of the 3D-View, click the Vertex Select button
Press and hold Alt
Right-click one of the vertices on the bottom side of the cylinder to select all bottom vertices of the bottle
Release Alt:
Press E
Press S
Type .9 and press Enter:
Right-click the middle vertext to select it
Press X to delete
In the menu that appears, click Vertices
Press Alt, right-clickone of the insidevertices, and relear Alt:
Press E
Press S
Type 0 and press Enter:
Press Z to display in wireframe
On the cylinder, the central-bottom vertex should be selected (otherwise select it)
Press G to prepare to move the vertex
Press Z to move vertically
Type .24 and press Enter:
Press Z to get out of wireframe
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click Edit Mode and click Object Mode
In the Tools window, click the Tools tab and click Smooth
In the Outliner, click the Restricted Viewport Visibility button (the eye) on the right side of Red Wine to hide it

Practical Learning: Creating an Empty Wine Glass

In the Tools window, click Create and click Plane
In the Object section of the Properties window, click Plane to select it
Type Empty Glass and press Enter
In the Transform section, change the following values:
```
Location - X: 1
	         Y: 1
    	     Z: 0
```
Move the view and zoom in so you can see the top side of the plane
Position the mouse on the cube and press Tab to switch to Edit Mode
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click the Pivot Point button and click Active Element
The Vertex Select option should be On (if you have doubt, on the menu bar of the 3D-View, click the Vertex Select button )
On the plane, right-click the vertex in the top-left side
Press and hold Shift
Right-click the vertex in the top-right side and the vertex in the bottom-right side
Release Shift:
Press X to delete
In the menu that appears, click Vertices:
In the Numeric Pad, press 1 (you should be in the orthogonal view; if you are not, press 5).
Also zoom in to get a bigger view
Right-click the vertex that was left (if you don't see it, simply press A to select everything)
Press and hold Ctrl
Position the mouse on the left side by approximately 4 units and click (don't try to be precise; you will make the changes later):
Still holding down Ctrl, position the mouse anywhere above the new vertex and click (again, don't try to be precise):
Continue using the Ctrl key and clicking to create a shape that looks approximately as follows. Don't follow exactly the following illustration. You will make any changes later:
To select a vertex, you can right-click it. Here is an example:
To select many vertices, first select one of them, press and hold Shift, then right-click the other desired vertices, and release Shift
To move a vertex, first select it. Then, either use the axes arrows and move them, or press G, move the mouse to the desired area, and click. Here is an example:
To move many vertices, first select them, then either use the G key or the arrows to move them
To create a new vertex, first select one on one end. Then, either hold down the Ctrl key and click in the desired area, or press E, move the mouse to the desired area, and click. Here is an example:
To segment a line with one cut (or to create a cut), press Ctrl + R, position the mouse on the edge to be segmented until you see a dertex on it. Here is an example:
Then click. Here is an example:
To create many cuts, press Ctrl + R until you see an orange line on the line, then roll the middle mouse button to specify the number of cuts, then click
Based on these techniques, create a shape approximately as follows (yours doesn't have to be exactly like the following shape; we are trying to model a glass, so use your own imagination/inspiration and taste):
Press Shift + S
In the menu that appears, click Cursor to Center
Press A to select all vertices:
In the Numeric Pad, press 7 to display the top view
In the Tools menu, click the Tools tab and, in the Add section, click Spin
In the Spin section below the Tools window, change the collowing values:
```
Steps: 72
Angle: 360
```
Move the view to see the glass in perspective:
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click Edit Mode and click Object Mode:
In the Properties window, click the Modifiers button
Click Add Modifier and click Subdivision Surface
Set the View value to 2
In the Tools window, click the Tools tab and click Smooth
In the Outliner, click the Restricted Viewport Visibility button (the eye) on the right side of Empty Glass to hide it

Practical Learning: Creating an Ice Bucket

Press Shift + S
In the menu that appears, click Cursor to Center
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click Add -> Mesh -> UV Sphere
In the Numeric Pad, press 1 (the sphere should be in orthographic view; if that's not the case,. press 5)
Zoom in to see a larger view of the sphere
Press Tab to display the sphere in Edit Mode
Press A to deselect everything
Press Z to display the sphere in wireframe
Press B to prepare to box-select
Draw a rectangle that selects the top portion of the sphere, including the middle line:
Release the mouse:
Press X to delete
In the menu that appears, click Faces:
Move the view so you can see the bottom side of the object
The Vertex Select should be On (if you have doubt, on the menu bar of the 3D-View, click the Vertex Select button )
Right-click the central-bottom vertex of the shape:
Press G to move the vertex
Press Z to move vertically
Type .02 and press Enter
In the Numeric Pad, press 1
Press B to box-select
Draw a rectangle that selects the group of bottom vertices:
Press G
Press Z
Type .06 and press Enter
Press B to box-seect
Draw a rectangle that selects the group of bottom vertices:
Press G
Press Z
Type .1 and press Enter:
Press Z to exit the wireframe
Press Tab to display the shape in Object Mode:
In the Properties window, click the Object button
Click Sphere to select it
Type Ice Bucket and press Enter
In the Properties window, click the Modifiers button
Click Add Modifier and click Solidify:
Click the Thickness value, type .05 and press Enter
Click Apply
Click Add Modifier and click Subdivision Surface
Set the View to 2
Click Apply
In the Tools tab of the Tools window, in the Shading section, click Smooth:
In the Outliner, click the Restricted Viewport Visibility button (the eye) on the right side of Ice Bucket to hide it

Practical Learning: Creating a Champaign Bucket

To reset the cursor, press Shift + S
In the menu that appears, click Cursor to Center
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + A -> Mesh -> Cone

In the Add Cone section below the Tools window, change the following values:

Vertices:  32
Radius 1:  1
Radius 2:  1.25
Depth:     2.5
Location - Z: 1.25

In the Object section of the Properties widow, click Cone to select it
Type Champaign Bucket and press Enter
Position the mouse in the work area and press tab to display the cone in Edit Mode
Press Ctrl + R to create a horizontal cut, click, move it down, click again to confirm:
Create another cut as follows:
Create another cut as follows:
Create another cut as follows:
Press Ctrl + Tab
In the menu that appears, click Face
Press and jold Alt, right-click one of the middle faces, and release Alt:
Press S to resize
Type .75 and press Enter:
Create a cut as follows:
Press S to resize
Type .95 and press Enter
Create a cut as follows:
Press S to resize
Type .95 and press Enter:
Press Ctrl + Tab
In the menu that appears, click Face
Right-click the top face to select it
Press E to extrude and press Enter
Press G and press Z
Type .1 and press Enter
Press S to resize
Type 1.05 and press Enter::
Press E to extrude and press Enter
Press G and press Z
Type .1 and press Enter
Press S to resize
Type 1.1 and press Enter:
Press X
In the menu that appears, click Faces
Press Tab to display the bucket in Object Mode
In the Properties window, click the Modifiers button
Click Add Modifier and click Solidify
Set the Thickness value to .05
Position the mouse in the work area and press Tab to display the bucket in Edit Mode
To reset the cursor, press Shift + S
In the menu that appears, click Cursor to Center
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + A -> Mesh -> Cone

In the Add Cone section below the Tools window, change the following values:

Vertices:  32
Radius 1:  1.25
Radius 2:  1.27
Depth:     .2
Location - X: 4
           Y: 0
           Z: 1.85

Right-click the top face to select it
Press E to extrude and press Enter
Press S to resize
Type .95 and press Enter
Press X to delete
In the menu that appears, click Faces
Right-click the other face to select it
Press E to extrude and press Enter
Press S to resize
Type .95 and press Enter
Press X to delete
In the menu that appears, click Faces
In the Numeric Pad, press 7 to display the top view
Press Z to display the wireframe
Press B to prepare to box-select
Draw a rectangle that covers the top part of the object
Press B again and select the bottom edges as follows:
Press X to delete
In the menu that appears, click Faces
Press Z to display the objects in Solid view:
On the menu bar of the 3D-View, click the Edge Select button
Right-click a small edge on one side
Press and hold Shift
Right-click the small edge opposing it
Release Shift:
Press F to create a face
In the same way, create a face of the edges on the other side:
Also create faces on the other object:
Press A to deselect everything
Press Z to display the wireframe
In the Numeric Pad, press 7 to display the top view
Press B to box-select
Draw a rectangle that covers the whole left object
Press Z to display the object in Solid view
Move the view and move the object on the left side of the bucket
In the same way, select the move the other object to the right side of the bucket
Press Shift + S
In the menu that appears, click Cursor to Center
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + A -> Mesh -> Torus

In the Add Torus sectiom below the Tools window, change the following values:

Location -      X: 3
			      Y: 0.00
                Z: 2
Major Segments: 24
Minor Segments: 12
Major Radius:  .35
Minor Radius:  .05

In the Numeric Pad, press 7 to display the top view
Press A to deselect everything
Press Z to display in wireframe
Press B to prepare to box-select
Draw a rectangle that covers the edges from the left to the center, including the edges in the middle:
Press X
In the menu that appears, click Faces
Press B again and select all edges of the object that was created
Press Z to display the objects in Solid View
Move the view to display the objects in perspective
Move the torus as close as possible to the bucket::
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + A -> Mesh -> Torus

In the Add Torus sectiom below the Tools window, change the following values:

Location -      X: 3
                Z: 2
Major Radius:  .35
Minor Radius:  .05

In the Numeric Pad, press 7 to display the top view
Press A to deselect everything
Press Z to display in wireframe
Press B to prepare to box-select
Draw a rectangle that covers the edges from the right to the center, including the edges in the middle:
Press X
In the menu that appears, click Faces
Press B again and select all edges of the object that was created
Press Z to display the objects in Solid View
Move the view to display the objects in perspective
Move the torus as close as possible to the bucket:
Press Tab to display the bucket in Object Mode
In the Modifier section of the Properties window, click Apply
Click Add Modifier and click Subdivision Surface
Set the View to 2
Position the mouse in the work area and press Tab to work in Edit Mode
Press Ctrl + R to create some cuts and position them as follows:
Oress Tab
In the Propertties window, click Apply
In the Tools tab of the Tools window, in the Shading section, click Smooth:
In the Outliner, click the Restricted Viewport Visibility button (the eye) on the right side of Champaign Bucket to hide it

Practical Learning: Creating a Picnic Table

On the menu bar of the 3D View, click the Viewport Shading button and click Material
Press Shift + S
In the menu that appears, click Cursor to Center
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift A -> Mesh -> Cube
In the Properties window, click the Object button

In the Transform section, change the following values:

Location - Z:  3.1
Scale    - X: 4
	   Y: .75
	   Z: .1

On the menu bar of the 3D View, click the Viewport Shading button and select Material
In the Properties window, click the Material button
Click the New button
Double-click Material.002 to put it into edit mode
Type Faux Wood and press Enter
Click the Color button
Set the RGB values as follows:
```
R: .73
G: .479
B: .242
```
In the Properties window, click the Object button
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + D to duplicate, and press Enter
In the Properties window, below Location, click the Y value, type -1.6 and press Enter
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + D to copy, and press Enter
In the Properties window, change the Y value of the Location to 1.6 and press Enter:
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + D, and press Enter
In the Properties window, change the following values:
```
Location - Y: -3.2
		     Z: 1.6
```
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + D to copy, and press Enter
In the Properties window, change the Y value of the Location to 3.2 and press Enter
To reposition the mouse, press Shift + S
In the menu that appears, click Cursor to Center
In the Tools window, click the Create tab
In the Create tab of the Tools window, click Cube

In the Object section of the Properties window, change the following values:

Location - X: 3.25
           Z:  2.85
Scale    - X: .1
	  	     Y: 2.35
		     Z: .15

In the Properties window, click the Material button
Click the button on the left side of New and select Faux Wood
In the Properties window, click the Object button
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + D, and press Enter
In the Properties window, under Location, click the X value, type -3.25 and press Enter
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + D, and press Enter
In the Properties window, change the following values:
```
Location - Z: 1.35
Scale    - Y: 4
```
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + D, and press Enter
In the Properties window, under Location, click the X value, type 3.25 and press Enter:
To reposition the mouse, press Shift + S
In the menu that appears, click Cursor to Center
In the Create section of the Tools tab, click Cylinder

In the Add Cylinder section below the Tools window, change the following values:

Vertices:    12
Radius:      .15
Depth:       1.5
Location   - X: 3
	           Y: -3.25
	           Z: .75

In the Properties window, click the Material button
Click the New button
Click Material.002 to put it into edit mode
Type Worn Steel and press Enter
Click the Color button
Set the RGB values as follows:
```
R: .065
G: .025
B: .005
```
In the Properties window, click the Object button
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + D, and press Enter
In the Properties window, under Location, click the X value, type -3 and press Enter:
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + D, and press Enter
In the Properties window, change the Y location to 3 and press Enter:
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + D, and press Enter
In the Properties window, change the X location to 3 and press Enter:
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + D, and press Enter
In the Properties window, change the following values:
```
Location - Y: -1.5
	         Z: 1.5
Scale  -   Z: 2
```
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + D, and press Enter
In the Properties window, change the Y location to 1.5 and press Enter
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + D, and press Enter
In the Properties window, change the X location to -3 and press Enter
Position the mouse in the work area, press Shift + D, and press Enter
In the Properties window, change the Y location to -1.5 and press Enter:

Practical Learning: Putting the Objects Together

In the Properties window, click the World button
Click Use Nodes
Click the Color button and click RGB
Set the RGB values as follows:
```
R: .745
G: 1
B: 1
```
Position the mouse in the work area
In the Numeric Pad, press 1 to display the front view (make sure you are in orthogonal view)
In the Outliner, click the Restrict Viewport Visibility button (the eye) on the right side of Ice Bucket to display it
In the work area, right-click the ice bucket to select it
In the Tools window, click the Physics tab
In the Add/Remove section, click Add Passive
Position the mouse in the work area.
Either press G or use the blue and red arrows on the screen to position the ice bucket somewhere on the top-left of the table:
In the Numeric Pad, press 3 to display a side view and, either make sure the bucket is on the table or position it on the table (use the green arrow to position the ice bucket). Here is an example:
In the Numeric Pad, press 1
On the Tools window, click Create
Click Cube (there will be many ice cubes; we will simply duplicate one to get many)
In the Add Cube section below the Tools window, change the radius to .1 and press Enter
In the Tools window, click the Physics tab
In the Add/Remove section, click Add Active
In the Properties window, click the Material button
Click the New button (we are creating a material on this one cube so that all duplicates ice cube will use the same material, but we are not interested in specifying the actual material at this time)
Still in the Properties window, click the Modifiers button
Click Add Modifier and click Bevel
Click the Width value, type .02 and press Enter
Position the mouse in the work area.
Press G and move the cube somewhere above the ice bucket. Here is an example:
In the Numeric Pad, press 3
Visually position the cube above the bucket
Position the mouse in the work area. Press Shift + D and press Enter
Press Shift + D and press Enter about 40 times (it doesn't have to be exactly 40 times; we just need 40 somehow independent cubes but we can't use an array)
Right-click a cube to select it, move it. Cchange to the side view, the front view, and the top view. Use the Rotate button on the menu bar of the 3D View to rotate the cube. Visually keep all ice cubes within the width of the bucket. Create the group of cubes approximately as follows (your design doesn't have to match mine):
In the Numeric Pad, press 1
In the Outliner, click the Restrict Viewport Visibility button on the right side of Classic Cup to display it
In the work area, right-click the Classic Cup to select it
Press S to resize it
Type .35 and press Enter
Using either the G key or the blue and red arrows on the screen, position the cup somewhere on top of the table:
In the Numeric Pad, press 3 to display a side view
Use the green arrow to position the cup somwhere around the front of the table:
In the Numeric Pad, press 1
In the Outliner, click the Restrict Viewport Visibility button on the right side of Empty Glass to display it
In the work area, right-click the Empty Glass to select it
Press S to resize it
Type .75 and press Enter
Using either the G key or the blue and red arrows on the screen, position the Empty Glass somewhere on top of the table:
In the Numeric Pad, press 3 to display a side view
Use the green arrow to position the empty glass somwhere around the front side of the table:
In the Numeric Pad, press 1
In the Outliner, click the Restrict Viewport Visibility button on the right side of Chantlly to display it
In the work area, right-click the Chantilly bottle to select it
Using either the G key or the blue and red arrows on the screen, position the Chantilly bottle somewhere on top of the table:
In the Numeric Pad, press 3 to display a side view
Use the green arrow to position the Chantilly bottle somwhere around the back side of the table:
In the Numeric Pad, press 1
In the Outliner, click the Restrict Viewport Visibility button on the right side of White Wine Bottle to display it
In the work area, right-click the new bottle to select it
Using either the G key or the blue and red arrows on the screen, position the new bottle somewhere on top of the table:
In the Numeric Pad, press 3 to display a side view
Use the green arrow to position the new bottle somwhere around the back side of the table:
In the Numeric Pad, press 1
In the Outliner, click the + button of Bottle of Red Wine to expand it
Click the Restrict Viewport Visibility button on the right side of Bottle Cap to display it
Still in the Outliner, click the Restrict Viewport Visibility button on the right side of Bottle of Red Wine to display it
In the work area, right-click the new bottle to select it
Using either the G key or the blue and red arrows on the screen, position the new bottle somewhere on the top of the table:
In the Numeric Pad, press 3 to display a side view
Use the green arrow to position the new bottle somwhere around the back side of the table:
In the Numeric Pad, press 1
In the Outliner, click the Restrict Viewport Visibility button on the right side of Red Wine to display it
Press Z to switch to wireframe
In the work area, right-click the wine to select it
Using either the G key or the blue and red arrows on the screen, position the wine within the Bottle of Red Wine on top of the table:
In the Numeric Pad, press 3 to display a side view
Use the green arrow to position the wine within the bottom side of the Bottle of Red Wine:
Press Z to display the shapes in Solid Viewport:
In the Numeric Pad, press 5 to display the work area in perspective view
In the Tools window, click Create and click Plane
In the Add Plane below the Tools window, change the following values:
```
Radius:    36
Location - X: -25
           Y:  25
           Z:  .01
```
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click the Viewport Shading button and select Material
In the Properties window, click the Material button
In the Properties window, click the New button
Click the Color button and se the color as follows:
```
R: .003
G: .08
B.001
```
Position the mouse on the work area and, in the Numeric Pad, press 0 to display the camera view
Press N to display the Properties Region
In the Properties Region, click Lock Camera to View to put a check box on it
Use the mouse and keyboard to display the view any way you want. Here is an example::
In the Properties Region, click Lock Camera to View to remove the check box

Creating a Glass

To support the ability to create transparent objects, Blender provides a material named Glass BSDF. Like the Diffuse material, the Glass BSDF material is equipped with the color characteristic that can be used to give a colored appearance to a transparent object.

Practical Learning: Creating a Glass

In the Outliner, click Empty Glass to select it
In the Material section of the Properties window, click the New button
Click the Preview button to expand it
Click Diffuse BSDF
In the menu that appears, click Glass BSDF:
Right-click the left border of the Properties window and click Split Area:
Position the mouse somewhere between the top border and the center of the work area
Click to confirm. If necessary, resize the windows
In the bottom-left side of the new window, click the 3D Viewport button and select Node Editor
In the Outliner, click White Wine Bottle to select it
In the Node Editor, click the New Button
Zoom in the Node Editor to see the material window as much as possible
In the Material section of the Properties window, click Diffuse BSDF and select Glass BSDF
In the Node Editor, click the Color button
Set the RGB value as follows:
```
R: .75
G: .705
B: 0.35
```
In the Outliner, click Bottle of Red Wine
On the Node Editor menu bar, click the New button
In the Node Editor, click somewhere in the Diffuse window
Press Delete to remove it
On the menu bar of the Node Editor, click Add -> Shader -> Glass BSDF
Position the mouse on the left of the Material Output window and click
Draw the gree button from Glass BSDF to the Surface button:

The Roughness of a Glass

Like the Diffuse material, the Glass BSDF has a characteristic named Roughness. The Roughness of a glass is a decimal value between 0.0 and 1.00. When the value is set to 0 (or 0.00), the object is perfectly transparent. In this case, depending on the type of object, you may be able to see what is on the other side of the object. If/When the roughness is set to 1 (or 1.00), the transparency level of the object is semi-completely blurred.An object is referred to as glossy if it shines. To support this, Blender provides a material named Glossy BSDF.

Practical Learning: Applying Roughness to a Glass

In the work area, right-click any of the small cubes above the ice bucket:
In the Node Editor, click the Roughness value
Type .35 and press Enter
In the Outliner, click Ice Bucket to select it
In the Material section of the Properties window, click New
In the Material section of the Properties window, click Diffuse BSDF and click Glass BSDF
In the Node Editor, Click the Roughness value
Type .05 and press Enter
In the Outliner, click Chantilly
On the menu bar of the Node Editor, click the New button
In the Material section of the Properties window, click Diffuse BSDF and click Glass BSDF
In the Node Editor, click Color and set the RGB value as follows:
```
R: 0.800
G: .6
B: .55
```
Set the Roughness to .075
In the Outliner, click Classic Cub
In the Node Editor, click the New button
In the Properties window, click Diffuse BSDF and click Glass BSDF
Click the Roughness value, type .002 and press Enter
In the Outliner, click Red Wine
On the menu bar of the Node Editor, click the New button
In the Node Editor, right-click anywhere in the Diffuse widow to select it and press X
On the menu bar of the Node Editor, click Add -> Shader -> Glass BSDF
Position the mouse on the left side of Material Output and click
Drag the green button from BSDF to Surface
Click the Color button and click Hex
Click the Hex value, type 500508 and press Enter
Click the Roughness value, type .85 and press Enter
Right-click the line between the 3D Viewport and the Node Editor
In the menu that appears, click Join Area:
Position the mouse in the Node Editor and click
Press N to click the Properties Region
In the Timeline window, set the End value to 100
In the Properties window, click the Render button
In the Output section, click the button on the right side of /tmp/, select the desired directory and click Accept
Make sure the File Format is set to PNG
Clicking the Animation button

Fundamentals of Materials

The most fundamental and most regularly used material is called Diffuse BSDF.

Practical Learning: Introducing Glossiness

In the Properties window, click the Object button
In the Object section of the Properties window, change the Z location to 1.75
The Point structure provides other constructors you can use for the location of a control.
Click Color and click RGB
Se the RGB values as follows:
```
R: .163
G: .008
G: .004
```
In the top menu bar, click Blender Render and select Cycles Render
In the Properties window, in the Resolution section, click 50%, type 100 and press Enter
Still in the Properties window, click Sampling to expand it
In the Properties window, click the Object button
In the Tools window, click Create
Click Plane
Type Empty Glass and press Enter
In the Transform section, change the following values:
```
Location - X: 1
	Y: 1
```
Move the view and zoom so you can see the top side of the plane
To prepare to edit the plane, on the menu bar of the 3D View, click Object Mode and click Edit Mode
The Vertex Select option should be On (if you have doubt, on the menu bar of the 3D-View, click the Vertex Select button )
On the plane, right-click the vertex in the top-left side
Press and hold Shift
Right-click the vertex in the top-right side and the vertex in the bottom-right side
Release Shift:
Press X to delete
In the menu that appears, click Vertices:
Right-click the vertex that was left (if you don't see it, simply press A to select everything)
Press G to move the vertex
Press Z to move vertically
Type .02 and press Enter
Now we will draw a series of lines.
Press E to extrude
Type -.02 and press Enter to move down
Type .04 and press Enter
Press E to extrude and press X
Type .04 and press Enter
Press G and press Z
Type .04 and press Enter
Press E and press X to extrude horizontally
Type .85 and press Enter
Press G and press Z to move the vertex slightly vertically
Type .1 and press Enter
Press E and press X
Type .5 and press Enter
Press E and press X
Type .05 and press Enter
Press G and press Z
Type .3 and press Enter
Press E and press X
Type .05 and press Enter
Press G and press Z
Type .3 and press Enter
Press A to select all vertices:
To reposition the mouse, press Shift + S
In the menu that appears, click Cursor to Center
In the Numeric Pad, press 7 to display the top view (it is not required but convenient to make sure the iew is orthographic; if you have doubt, press 5 and make sure the top left corners of the work area displays Top Ortho)
In the Tools window, click the Tools tab if necessary.
In the Add section, click Spin
In the Spin section below the Tools window, change the following values:
```
Steps: 72
Angle: 360
```

Introduction

In Blender, the world is the environment in which everything exists. In the real world, it primarily consists of the sky whole primary color is blue but can be any other color.

In the Tools window, click Create and click Ico Sphere
In the Add Ico Sphere section below the Tools window, change the follos change the following value
While the cube is selected, position the mouse in the work area, press M and, in the Layers window, click the second box
Position the mouse on the cube and press Tab to switch to Edit Mode
Position the mouse on the top face, press Ctrl + R and move the mouse to get a line parallel to the red arrow (the X axis)
Click twice to confirm the cut:
On the menu bar of the 3D View, make sure the Edge Select button is selected.
Right-click the top line to select it
Press G to move the line
Press Z to move up
Type .75 and press Enter:
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click the Face Select button
Select the top two faces:
Press P and, on the menu that appears, click Selection
Press Tab to switch to Object mode
Right-click the top of the house to select the roof
Press S to resize
Type 1.1 and press Enter:
Press Tab to switch to Edit Mode
Press A to select both sides of the roof
Press E to extrude and press Enter
Press G and press Z to move vertically
Type .05 and press Enter
Press Tab to switch to Object Mode
In the Numeric Pad, press 3 to display the right view and press 5 to work in orthogonal projection
Move the roof down to the top of the house:
In the Numeric Pad, press 1 to display the front view
While the roof is selected, press and hold Shift, then click the body of the mouse, and release Shift to select the house and its roof
Press Shift + D to copy
Press X to move the duplicate horizontally
Move the new house to the right of the other:
While the new house is selected, press S to resize it
Press Z to resize it only by its height
Resize it a little bit:
Move the view so you can see the house in perspective
Move the mouse and its roof to the same floor as the first house and attach the house to the first one
Move the Y alignment to be slightly behind the first house:
In the same way, create a block of 4 townhouses. The houses should have the same width and same depth bu the various heights (these are not requirements, just suggestions):
On the menu bar of the 3D View, in the Visible Layers section, click the second button
Zoom in to have a large face facing you
Right-click the box to select the cube:
Press Tab to display in Edit Mode
if necessary
Right-click a large face to select it
Press I to create an inset on the selected face
Type .15 and press Enter:
Press E to extrude
Type -.05 and press Enter:
While the face is still selected, press P to separate
In the menu that appears, click Selection
Press Ctrl + R and make sure you get a horizontal cut on the window, then roll the middle mouse button to get two cuts:
Click twice to confirm the cuts
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click the Pivot Point button and select Active Element
While the cuts are still selected, press S to move them
Press Z to move vertically
Type .2 and press Enter:
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click the Face Select button
Right-click one of the small interior faces:
z
Press E
Using the red arrow, move the small face to the opposite border:
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click Edit Mode and select Object Mode
Right-click inside the window to select the face that was separated
While the face is still selected, in the Properties window, click the Object button, double-click Cube.0XX, type Window Interior and press Enter
Still in the Properties window, click Material and click New
Double-click Material.0XX,
In the Numeric Pad, press 1 and press Z to display the wireframe
Press S to resize it
Type 1.1 and press Enter:
Press Z to exit the wireframe
While the inside face of the window is still selected, press and hold Shift, then right-click one of the borders of the window to select them both
Press Shift + D to copy the shapes
Press Z to move vertically
Type 1 and press Enter
Press Shift + D to copy
Press X to move the copy horizontally
Move the mouse to the right
While the new window is still selected, press S to resize
Press X to resize along the width only
Type 1.5 and press Enter
Right-click the border of the window to select its frame
In the Object section of the Properties, double-click Cube.00X, type Odd Window Large and press Enter
Press Tab to switch to Edit Mode
Press Ctrl + Tab and click Face
Move the inside faces so their borders resemble those of the other windows:
Press Ctrl + R and make sure you get a vertical cut on the window, then roll the middle mouse button to get two cuts
Click twice to confirm the cuts
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click the Pivot Point button and select Median Point
While the cuts are still selected, press S to move them
Press X to move vertically
Type .15 and press Enter
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click the Face Select button
Right-click one of the small interior faces:
z
Press E
Using the blue arrow, move the small face to the opposite border
In the same way, move the small face of the horizontal interior bar:
Press Tab to display in Object Mode
Position the mouse in the work area and ppress Shift + D to duplicate
Press Z to move vertically
Move the mouse down and away from the top window
While the window is still selected, in the Object button of the Properties window, double-click Cube.00X, type Even Window Large and press Enter
In the Properties window, click the Material button
Right-click the border of the top-left window to select it
In the Material section of the Properties window, click the New button
Double-click Material.001, type Brown Frame Small and press Enter
Right-click the border of the bottom-left window to select it
In the Material section of the Properties window, click the New button
Double-click Material.001, type Blue Frame Small and press Enter
Right-click the border of the top-right window to select it
In the Material section of the Properties window, click the New button
Double-click Material.001, type Brown Frame Large and press Enter
Right-click the border of the bottom-right window to select it
In the Material section of the Properties window, click the New button
Double-click Material.001, type Blue Frame Large and press Enter
Select the bottom-left window and its inside
Press Shift + D to copy them and press Enter
Zoom out to see less of the windows
Press M and, in the Move to Layers window, click the first button
In the menu bar of the 3D View, click the first button of the Visible Layers section
While the window and its inside are selected, press Shift + D to copy them
Press Z to move the copy vertically
Move the window up (no need for precision, you will adjust everything later):
On the menu bar of the 3D View, in the Visible Layers section, click the second button
Right-click the inside of the large window to select its glass
Press and hold Shift, then right-click the border of that large window, and release Shift
Press Shift + D to duplicate and press Enter
Press M and, in the Move to Layers window, click the first button
On the menu bar of the 3D View, in the Visible Layers section, click the first button
Position the window to the right of the top window (no need for precision, you can adjust everything later):
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click Add -> Mesh -> Cube
While the cube is selected, in the Properties window, click the Object button and change the following values:
```
Location - X: -3.65
           Y:  0
           Z: .5
Scale    - X: .28
           Y: .05
           Z: .5
```
:
On the menu bar of the 3D View, in the Visible Layers section, click the second button
Select the top-left window and its inside to select them
Press Shift + D to copy and press Enter
Press M and, in the Move to Layer window, click the first button
On the menu bar of the 3D View, in the Visible Layers section, click the first button
Move the window to the next house
On the menu bar of the 3D View, in the Visible Layers section, click the second button
Select the top-right window and its inside to select them
Press Shift + D to copy and press Enter
Press M and, in the Move to Layer window, click the first button
On the menu bar of the 3D View, in the Visible Layers section, click the first button
Move the window to the next house
By duplicating and moving windows and doors, complete the design to adding windows and a door to each townhouse. The placements of windows and doors don't have to follow the same pattern:
In the Tools window, click the Create tab
In the Create tab of the Tools window, click Plane

In the Transform section, change the following values:

Name: Green Grass
Location - X: -6.5
           Y: -4
           Z: .01
Scale:     X: 15.5
           Y: 10

On the menu bar of the 3D View, click Add -> Mesh ->Plane
In the Object section of the Properties window, in the Transform section, change the following values:
```
Location - X: -1
           Y: -1.5
           Z: .01
Scale:     X: 10
           Y: .5
```
Position the mouse in the work area and press Shift + A -> Mesh -> Plane

In the Object section of the Properties window, in the Transform section, change the following values:

Name:      Parking and Road
Location - X: -1
           Y: -4
           Z: .02
Scale:     X: 10
           Y: 2

In the Properties window, click the Material button
Right-click the roof of the left house
In the Material section of the Properties window, double-click Material to edit it
Type Grey Shindgles and press Enter
Click the Color button and set the color value as follows:
```
R: .303
G: .303
B: .293
```
Right-click the body of the left house to select it
In the Material section of the Properties window, click the + button on the left side of Data
Click Color and set the color as follows:
```
R: .319
G: .133
B: 0
```
Right-click the body of the second house to select it
Click the + button on the left side of Data
Click Color and set the color as follows:
```
R: .287
G: .041
B: .016
```
Right-click the body of the third house to select it
Click the + button on the left side of Data
Click the Color button and set the color as follows:
```
R: .337
G: .205
B: .12
```
Right-click the body of the fourth house to select it
Click the + button on the left side of Data
Click the Color button and set the color as follows:
```
R: .546
G: .319
B: 0
```
In the Outliner, click Odd Window Small to select it (or right-click the border of one of the small windows of the first house to select it)
Click the Color button and change the color as follows:
```
R: .107
G: .013
B: .003
```
In the Outliner, click Odd Window Large
Click the Color button and change the color as follows:
```
R: .107
G: .013
B: .003
```
Set the color of the frames of the windows of the second and fourth houses as follows:
```
R: 1
G: .587
B: .169
```
In the Outliner, click Window Inside (or right-click the inside of one of the windows) to select it
In the Material section of the Properties window, click New then click Color
Set the color value as follows:
```
R: .47
G: .597
B: .8
```
Right-click the door of the first house to select it and click New
Double-click Material.0XX, type Window Glass and press Enter
Click Color of the and set the color of the door of the first house as:
```
R: .296
G: 0
B: 0
```
Click the inside of each window
Set the color of the door of the second house as:
```
R: .8
G: .184
B: .018
```
Set the color of the door of the third house as:
```
R: .8
G: .385
B: .214
```
Set the color of the door of the fourth house as:
```
R: .326
G: .069
B: .08
```
In the Outliner, click Green Grass and click New Node
Click the Color button and set the RGB values as follows:
```
R: 0
G: .142
B: 0
```
In the Outliner, click Walkway and click New
Click Color and set the color as follows::
```
R: .5
G: .5
B: .5
```
In the Outliner, click Parking and Road and click New
Click Color and set the RGB values as follows:
```
R: .125
G: .125
B: .125
```
Add a plane in front of each house from the door to the walkway, using the same color as that of the walkway:
In the Numeric Pad, press 0 to display the camera view
Press N to display the Properties Region
In the Properties Region, click Lock Camera to View
Use the buttons on the mouse and the keyboard to get a better view. Here is an example:
In the Properties region, click Lock Camera to View
Press N to close the Properties region

Creating a World

The shader used to manage the world environment is named Background. This Background shader should not be used for other objects, only to create and manage the world environment.

Practical Learning: Introducing the World

On the top menu, click Render -> Render Image to preview the result. Here is an example:
After viewing the result, press Esc to close the render view
Change the world color as follows:7
```
R: .871
G: 939
B: 1
```

In Blender, materials are used to paint the surface of objects, to create an environment, or to suggest special effects. Blender offers many options. The most recent is managed by a concept named Cycles Render.

In this exercise, we will review some of the techniques used to create and manade materials.

Introduction to Creating a Material

There are various ways to create a material. Cycles Render is a technique used to create materials with various options. To use Cycles Render, in the top menu bar of blender, change the combo box from Blender Render to Cycles Render.

The most fundamental technique is to first select the desired object in the work area. Then, in the Properties window, click the Material button. In the group of panels, click Add Node. There are other techniques we will review.

To assist you in managing materials, Blender provides various categories or groups of objects. A shader is the most fundamental technique used to create the appearance of an object. It can simply consist of painting an object with a certain color. It can consist of combining colors. It can consist of logically or illogically creating some type of appearance.

To distinguish them, each shader has a name. In the Properties window, the name of a shader appears in the Surface text box or combo box. That control also provides one of the ways to select a shader.

Practical Learning: Using Cycles Render

On the top menu bar, click Blender Render and, in the menu that appears, select Cycles Render
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click the Viewport Shading button and select Material:

Diffusing a Color

In this exercise, we will continue to experiment with different ways to start a material and apply to the surface of an object.

Introduction

the delegate.

The Location of a Control

Introduction to the Location Point :

field:

Programmatically Locating a Control

You can programmatically specify the location of a control. To support this, each control has a property named Location. To assist you with specifying the location of a control, the Point class provides a constructor as follows:

The Size of a Control

Introduction

The distance from the left border to the right border of a control is referred to as its width property. In the same way, the distance from the top to the bottom borders of a control is its height value. This can be illustrated as follows:

Programmatically Specifying the Size of a Control

To support the size of an object, the System.Drawing namespace defines the Size structure. There are four characteristics that define a Size value: its location and its dimensions. A Size value must have a starting point (X, Y) just as the Point object was illustrated earlier. The width is the distance from the left to the right borders of a Size object. The height represents the distance from the top to the bottom borders of a Size value:

public Size(int width, int height);

Using this constructor, to programmatically specify the size of a control, assign a Size value to its Size property. Here is an example:

You can also define a Size object using a Point value. To support this, the Size structure is equipped with the following constructor:

public Size(Point pt);

After declaring a variable with this constructor, you can access its Width and Height properties to complete the definition of the Size object. If you already have the size of an object, you may only want to specify the dimensions of the variable.

Besides the Size, the System.Drawing namespace also provides the SizeF structure. It uses the same properties as Size except that its members float types.

To retrieve the dimensions of a control, you can get its Size property and assign it to a Size object.

The Rectangular Location and Size of a Control

The combination of the location and size of an object is represented as a rectangle: a geometric figure with four sides. To support this figure, the System.Drawing namespace provides the Rectangle and the RectangleF structures. A rectangle can be represented as follows:

Like every geometric representation in your program, a rectangular figure is based on a coordinate system whose origin is located on a top-left corner. The object that "owns" or defines the rectangle also owns this origin. For example, if the rectangle belongs to a control that is positioned on a form, then the origin is on the top-left corner just under the title bar of the form, provided the form has a title bar.

The distance from the left to the right borders of the rectangle is represented by a property called Height. The distance from the left border of the object that owns the rectangle to the right border of the rectangle is represented by a property called Right. The distance from the top border of the object that owns the rectangle to the bottom border of the rectangle is represented by a property called Bottom. Based on this, a rectangle can be illustrated as follows:

To create a rectangle, you must provide at least its location and dimensions. The location can be represented by a Point value and the dimensions can be represented with a Size value. Based on this, you can use the following constructor to declare a Rectangle variable:

public Rectangle(Point location, Size size);

This constructor requires that you define a Point and a Size in order to use it. If instead you know the integer values of the location and dimensions, you can use the following constructor to declare a Rectangle object:

public Rectangle(int x, int y, int width, int height);

At any time, you can access or retrieve the characteristics of a Rectangle object as illustrated in the above picture from its properties. You use the same names we used in the picture.

Besides the Rectangle structure, the System.Drawing namespace provides the RectangleF structure that uses the same definition as Rectangle, except that it is defined with float values instead of integers.

The be able to recognize the location and the size of a control, the Control class is equipped with a property named Bounds. This property is of type Rectangle represented by the property. Therefore, at any time, to get the location and the size of a control, you can call its Bounds property, which produces a Rectangle value.

Techniques of Visually Resizing a Control

Introduction

All graphical controls, including the form, can be resized using guiding mouse cursors or the keyboard. To resize a control, first select it. Except for the form, whenever a control is selected, there are eight handles around it. To resize the control, position your mouse on one of the handles. The mouse pointer will change, indicating in what direction you can move to resize the control.

Cursor	Role
	Moves the seized border in the North-West <-> South-East direction
	Shrinks or heightens the control
	Moves the seized border in the North-East <-> South-West direction
	Narrows or enlarges the control

Before resizing a control, as mentioned already, first select it. To enlarge a control:

Position the mouse on the right (or the left) handle. Then click and drag in right (or left) direction. Once you get the desired width, release the mouse
Press and hold Shift. Then press the right arrow key as many times as you want. Once you get the desired width, release Shift

To narrow a control:

Position the mouse on its right (or its left) handle. Then click and drag in the left (or the right) direction. Once you get the desired width, release the mouse
Press and hold Shift. Then press the left arrow key as many times as you want. Once you get the desired width, release Shift

To heighten a control:

Position the mouse on its top (or its bottom) handle. Then click and drag in the top (or the bottom) direction. Once you get the desired width, release the mouse
Press and hold Shift. Then press the up arrow key as many times as you want. Once you get the desired width, release Shift

To shrink a control:

Position the mouse on its top (or its bottom) handle. Then click and drag in the bottom (or the top) direction. Once you get the desired width, release the mouse
Press and hold Shift. Then press the down arrow key as many times as you want. Once you get the desired width, release Shift

The Width and Height of a Control

Imagine you have added three controls to your form and, after spending some time designing them, they appear as follows:

The dimensions of the controls are not set professionally. As seen above, you can resize by dragging their borders but this might take a while if you want them to have the same width, the same height, or both the same height and width. The dimensions of a control or a group of controls are carried by a Size value.

At design time, to change the dimensions of a control, first click it. Then, in the Properties window, change the values of its Size property.

To change the dimensions of a group of controls, first select them. Then, in the Properties window, change the values of the Size field. The new value would be applied to all selected controls. Alternatively, the Form Designer provides tools to automatically do this for you.

To synchronize the widths of a group of controls, first select them. Then, on the Layout toolbar or on the Format group of the main menu, select:

Button	Name	Format
	Make Same Width	Make Same Size -> Width

Result: All controls, except for the base control (the control that has the dark handles), will be resized horizontally so they have the same width as the base control:

To set the same height to a group of controls, first select them. Then, on the Layout toolbar or on the Format group of the main menu, select:

Button	Name	Format
	Make Same Height	Make Same Size -> Height

Result: All controls, except for the base control (the control that has the dark handles), will be resized vertically so they have the same height as the base control:

To set the same width and the same height to a group of controls, first select them. Then, on the Layout toolbar or on the Format group of the main menu, select:

Button	Name	Format
	Make Same Size	Make Same Size -> Both

Result: The Form Designer will calculate the sum of the heights of all controls and find their average height (AvgHeight). It will also calculate the sum of the widths of all controls and find their average width (AvgWidth). These averages will be applied to the height and the width respectively of each control:

Practical Learning: Setting the Locations and Sizes of Controls

Star Microsoft Visual C#
To create a new application, on the main menu, click FILE -> New -> Project...
In the middle list, click Windows Application
In the Name box, replace the content with Rectangle2 and press Enter
From the Toolbox and from what we learned in the previous lesson, add four labels, four text boxes, and two buttons to the form
Based on what we have reviewed so far, design the form as follows:
To test the application, on the Standard toolbar, click the Start button
While the form is displaying, drag its right border to widen it. Also drag its bottom border to heighten it
Close the form and return to your programming environment
Save all

Common Properties of Controls

The Content Alignment of a Control

When a control can be resized, or it has been configured to be sizable, as it would be the case for a label or a button, you can specify in what part of its confined borders the text should display. This characteristics is controlled by the TextAlign property. To specify the alignment of text during design, access the Properties window for a control and use the TextAlign field:

TextAlign Property

The TextAlign property is of type ContentAlignment, which is an enumeration. The members and result of this enumeration are:

TopLeft	TopCenter	TopRight

MiddleLeft	MiddleCenter	MiddleRight

BottomLeft	BottomCenter	BottomRight

To programmatically specify the text alignment of a control, access its TextAlign property and assign it the desired member of the ContentAlignment enumeration. Here is an example:

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

public class Exercise : Form
{
    private Button btnSubmit;

    private void InitializeComponent()
    {
        btnSubmit = new Button();
        btnSubmit.Text = "Submit";
        btnSubmit.Location = new Point(20, 20);
        btnSubmit.Size = new Size(100, 60);
        btnSubmit.TextAlign = ContentAlignment.BottomRight;

        Controls.Add(btnSubmit);
    }

    public Exercise()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
    }
}

public class Program
{
    static int Main()
    {
        Application.Run(new Exercise());
        return 0;
    }
}

Anchoring a Control

If you position a (visual) control on a form and if the control is positioned on the top left section of the form, when the user resizes the form, the controlâ€™s position would appear static, it would not move. This could be a concern if the control is positioned on the right, the bottom or the lower right sections of the form. When the user resizes the form, the controlâ€™s position would not be updated. Sometimes you will want the control to have the same location and/or distance with regard to the bottom, the right, and/or the lower right corners of the form.

The ability to manage a control or a group of controls' location and size when the user resizes it is done using the Anchor property:

The Anchor property is created from the AnchorStyles enumeration. By default, when you add a control to a form, its position is relative to the top left corner of its container. You can also set the controlâ€™s position with regards to its containerâ€™s right and bottom borders. The Anchor property can be used to "glue" one border of a control to its parent using one of the following values:

Bottom: The control bottom border will be the same even if the parent is heighten or shrunk

Left: The control left border will be the same even if the parent is widened or narrowed

None: No anchoring is applied

Right: The control right border will be the same even if the parent is widened or narrowed

Top: The control top border will be the same even if the parent is heightened or shrunk

In the same way, you can combine AnchorStyles values to "glue" one or more corners of a control to its parent when the parent is resized:

To visually combine two or more AnchorStyles values, after selecting the control(s) on the form, in the Properties window, click the arrow of the Anchor field and click each desired Anchor button
To programmatically combine two or more AnchorStyles values, you use the OR bit operator, which is |

Practical Learning: Anchoring the Controls

On the form, select the buttons on the right side:
In the Properties window, click Anchor and click the arrow of its combo box
Click the top vertical line and the right horizontal line. Click the left horizontal line to clear it:
On the form, select all text boxes
In the Properties window, click Anchor and click the arrow of its combo box. Click the right horizontal line and keep the others
Execute the application
Resize it horizontally and vertically to see the result
Close the form and return to your programming environment

Control Docking

When a control is added to a host, depending on the control, it may be automatically positioned where the mouse landed. In some cases, you will want the control to be attached to a border or to a corner of its parent. This can be done using the Dock property:

This property is managed through the DockStyle enumeration. To use this property, click the control and, in the Properties window, click the arrow of the Dock field. You can then select one of the following values:

Bottom: The control will be attached to the bottom border of its parent:

Fill: The control will use the whole client area of its parent.

Left: The control will be attached to the left border of its parent:

None: The control will be kept where it was positioned on the parent:

Right

Right: The control will be attached to the right border of its parent:

Top: The control will be attached to the top border of its parent:

To programmatically specify the docking option of a control, access its Dock property and assign the desired member of the DockStyle enumeration. Here is an example:

public class Exercise : Form
{
    private Button btnSubmit;

    private void InitializeComponent()
    {
        btnSubmit = new Button();
        btnSubmit.Text = "Submit";
        btnSubmit.Dock = DockStyle.Right;

        Controls.Add(btnSubmit);
    }
}

Practical Learning: Docking a Control

On the Toolbox, click Panel
On the form, click and hold the mouse somewhere in the lower-left section. Then drag right and slightly up to draw it as follows (no need for precision):
While the panel control is still selected, in the Properties window, click Dock and click the arrow of its combo box
Select the box above None (to select Bottom)
Save all

Aesthetic Aspects of a Control

Background Color

Controls used on Microsoft Windows are painted using a color known as Control. If you don't like the default color that paints the background of a control, you can access the BackColor field of the Properties window:

You can then select one of the preset colors from 3 windows represented with tabs:

As you can see, the System and the Web tabs provide colors by name. All regular names of colors of the English language are represented. If you have done Windows programming before, you may recognize the names of colors in the System tab because they are the same names you would see in Control Panel, except that the names are in one word. If you have done web development before, you may recognize the names because they are the same defined by Netscape. The names in both the System and the Web tabs are defined in an enumeration called Color.

If you are not familiar with the names of colors, you can visually select a color in the Custom tab.

To programmatically specify the background color of a control, access its BackColor property and assign it the desired member of the Color enumeration. Here is an example:

public class Exercise : Form
{
    private Button btnSubmit;
    
    private void InitializeComponent()
    {
        btnSubmit = new Button();
        btnSubmit.Text = "Submit";
        btnSubmit.BackColor = Color.Aquamarine;

        Controls.Add(btnSubmit);
    }
}

Practical Learning: Changing the Background Color of a Control

On the form, click the bottom panel
In the Properties window, click BackColor and click its arrow
Click the Custom tab and click the color at 3rd column - 2nd row:
Execute the application to test it
Close the form and return to your programming environment

Background Image

Instead of a color, you may want to fill the control with a picture. To do this, you can access the control's BackgroundImage property. This provides an ellipsis button you can use to locate and select the desired picture.

Border Style

Some controls display a border when they are drawn and some others don't. Consider the following:

Some of these controls allow you to specify a type of border you want to show surrounding the controls. This characteristic is controlled by the BorderStyle property, which is based on BorderStyle enumerator. Its members are:

Value	Example
Fixed3D
FixedSingle
None

To programmatically specify the border style of a control, access its BorderStyle property and assign it the desired BorderStyle member. Here is an example:

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

public class Exercise : Form
{
    private Panel pnlViewer;

    private void InitializeComponent()
    {
        pnlViewer = new Panel();
        pnlViewer.BorderStyle = BorderStyle.Fixed3D;
        pnlViewer.BackColor = Color.LightBlue;
        Controls.Add(pnlViewer);
    }

    public Exercise()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
    }
}

public class Program
{
    static int Main()
    {
        Application.Run(new Exercise());
        return 0;
    }
}

API Characteristics of Controls

Tab Ordering

A user can navigate through controls using the Tab key. When that key has been pressed, the focus moves from one control to the next. By their designs, not all controls can receive focus and not all controls can participate in tab navigation. Even controls that can receive focus must be primarily included in the tab sequence.

At design time, the participation to tab sequencing is controlled by the Boolean TabStop property in the Properties window. Every visual control that can receive focus is already configured to have this property set to True. If you want to remove a control from this sequence, set its TabStop value to False.

If a control has the TabStop property set to True, to arrange the navigation order of controls, you have two main options. At design time, you can click a control on the form. Then, on the Properties window, change the value of its TabIndex field. The value must be a positive short integer.

The best and easiest way to arrange the tab sequence of controls is to manage it visually. To do this, first display the form. Then, on the main menu, click VIEW. This causes a number to be positioned on every control of the form. Here is an example:

To arrange the sequence any way you like, click each control once in the desired order. Normally, static controls (such as the label, the picture box, the panel, etc) never receive focus when the application is running; therefore, you can skip such controls.

Practical Learning: Setting the Tab Order of Controls

Click anywhere in the form
On the main menu, click VIEW -> Tab Order
On the form, click, in the following order, the text box on the right side of Length, the text box on the right side of Height, the Calculate button, and the Close button
Press Esc to dismiss the Tab Order tool
On the form, click the text box on the right side of Perimeter:
In the Properties window, set the TabStop to False
In the same way, set the TabStop property of the text box on the right side of Area: to False
Execute the application
Press Tab a few times and observe the behavior
Close the form and return to your programming environment
On the main menu, click FILE -> Close Solution or File -> Close Project
When asked whether you want to save, click Discard

Control's Visibility

A control is referred to as visible if it can be visually located on the screen. A user can use a control only if he or she can see it. As a programmer, you have the role of deciding whether a control must be seen or not and when. The visibility of an object is controlled by the its Visible property. This is a Boolean property.

At design time, when you add a control to a parent, it is visible by default. This is because its Visible property is set to True in the Properties window. In the same way, if you programmatically create a control, by default, it is made visible once you add it to its parent's Controls property.

If you don't want a control to primarily appear when the form comes up, you can either set its Visible property to False or set its parentâ€™s visible property to False. Equivalently, at run time, to hide a control, assign a False value to either its Visible property or its parentâ€™s Visible property. Keep in mind that when a parent gets hidden, it also hides its children. On the other hand, a parent can be made visible but hide one or some of its children.

To programmatically check whether a control is visible at one time, apply a conditional statement (if or while) to its Visible property and check whether its value is true or false.

Control's Visibility

In the previous lesson, we saw that you can call the Visible property to hide a visible control or to display a hidden control. Besides the Visible property, you can also display a control using the Show() method. Its syntax is:

public void Show();

When you use this method, if the control is visible, nothing would happen. If it were hidden, then it would be revealed. In the following example, a text box named textBox1 is asked to display:

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
	this.textBox1.Visible = false;
}

private void button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
	this.textBox1.Show();
}

The Show() method internally sets the Visible property to true. We also saw that, to hide a control, you can set its Visible property to False. In the same way, to hide a control, you call can the Control.Hide() method. Its syntax is:

Public Sub Hide()

In the following example, the visibility of a text box named textBox1 is toggled by the user clicks a button named button1:

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
	if( this.textBox1.Visible == true )
		this.textBox1.Hide();
	else
		this.textBox1.Show();
}

Keep in mind that hiding a control does not close or destroy it.

Control's Availability

For the user to use a control, it must allow operations on it. For example, if a control is supposed to receive text, the user can enter characters in it only if this is made possible. To make a control available to the user, the object must be enabled. The availability of an object is controlled by the Boolean Enabled property.

By default, after adding a control to a form, it is enabled and its Enabled property in the Properties window is set to True. An enabled control displays its text or other characteristics in their normal settings. If you want to disable a control, set its Enabled property to False. In the following picture, a text box and a button are disabled:

To programmatically find out whether a control is enabled or not, check its Enabled property.

Allowing Drag n' Drop Operations

Drag n' drop is the ability to drag an object or text from one location or object to another. This is a significant operation in computer use. Although Microsoft Windows fully supports drag n' drop operations, because the operating system cannot predict how the operations should be carried, you must write code.

Various controls support drag n' drop operations. While most controls support them, it is not always realistic to implement the operations on every control. This means that you will have to decide when, how, and what controls of your application will need to allow the user do drag what and drop it where.

A control that allows drag n' drop operations is equipped with a Boolean property named AllowDrop. When you set this property to true, it means the user can either drag something from it or drop something on it. After setting this property, you must write code. We will see examples in future lessons.

Control's Focus

Once a control is visible, the user can use it. Some controls allow the user only to read their text or view what they display. Some other controls allow the user to retrieve their value or to change it. To perform such operations, the user must first give focus to the control. The focus is a visual aspect that indicates that a control is ready to receive input from the user. Various controls have different ways of expressing that they have received focus.

Button-based controls indicate that they have focus by drawing a thick border and a dotted rectangle around their caption. In the following picture, the button on the right has focus:

A text-based control indicates that it has focus by displaying a blinking cursor. A list-based control indicates that it has focus when one of its items has a surrounding dotted rectangle:

To give focus to a control, the user can press a key such as Tab. To programmatically give focus to a control, call the Focus() method. Its syntax is:

public bool Focus();

Here is an example:

private void button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
	this.textBox1.Focus();
}

Fundamentals of Cycles Render

The Z-Order of Controls

In the previous lesson, we saw how you can position controls visually or manually. In some cases, you end up with one control positioned on top of another. Of course the first remedy that comes in mind would consist of moving one of the controls away from the other. This would also imply sometimes that you would have to enlarge and/or heighten the controls' container. There are situations that either you don't want to resize the parent or you can't: your only solution is to have one control on top of another. Fortunately, you can cope with this situation by specifying, when needed, what control at what time should be displayed to the user.

When one control is positioned on top of another, they use a third axis whose origin, like that or the other axes, is on the top-left corner of the parent. This third axis, also considered the z-axis, is oriented so that it moves from the monitor towards the user. The operating system is in charge of positioning and drawing the objects on the screen. You as the programmer can direct the operating system as to what object should be on top and what object should be behind. To support these changes the Control class uses two methods that its appropriate children derive also.

When a control A is positioned behind a control B, this causes control B to be either partially or completely hidden. If you want the control A to change its z-order and become on top of control B, you can call its BringToFront() method. The syntax of this method is:

public void BringToFront();

On the other hand, if a control B is positioned on top of a control A, if you want control B to become positioned behind control A, you can call control B's SendToBack() method. Its syntax is:

public void SendToBack();

After the controls have been positioned, at any time, when you access a control, if you want to know whether that control is the most top object, you can call its GetTopLevel() method. Its syntax is:

proteced bool GetTopLevel();

Practical Learning: Ending the Lesson

Close your programming environment
When asked whether you want to save, click No

The World

When you create a new material in Blender, it is first set as Diffuse BSDF. If you want a different material, in the Material section of the Properties window, you can (must) change the Surface option.

The world is the environment in which everything exists. In the real world, it primarily consists of the sky whole primary color is blue but can be any other color.

The shader used to manage the world environment is named Background. This Background shader should not be used for other objects, only to create and manage the world environment.

Practical Learning: Introducing the World

On the top menu bar, click Blender Render and, in the menu that appears, select Cycles Render
In the Properties window, click the World button
Below it, click Preview to expand it
Click Use Nodes.
Notice that the shader in the Surface text box is set to Background
Click the dark gray side of the Color text box
Click and scroll in the right vertical box
On the color wheel, select a light blue color (alternatively, click Hex and change the Hex value to bcd9ff and press Enter):
On the top menu, click Render -> Render Image to preview the result
After viewing the result, press Esc to close the render view
Since we are working inside a house, we will not need the world environment.
In the World section of the Properties window, click the Unlink Datablock button
On the top menu, click Render -> Render Image again to preview the result
After viewing the result, press Esc to close the render view

Emitting a Light

An animated scene uses light to influence how the objects are viewed and how visible they are. Blender provides various options for lights. To start, when you start a project, Blender adds a default light. You can keep it, change it, delete it, or replace it.

To get a custom light, create a shape such as a plane or else. Then apply a shader named Emission to it.

In this exercise, we will keep the existing lamp (we could have deleted it) and add two other customer lights to the scene.

Practical Learning: Setting the Light

On the menu bar of the 3D View, click Add -> Mesh -> UV Sphere
In the section below the Tools window, change the following values:
```
Size:     .5
Location - Z: 5.5
```
While the sphere is selected, position the mouse in the work area, press M and, in the Layers window, click the second box
On the menu bar of the 3D View, in the Visible Layers section, click the second button
Zoom in to see as much as possible of the sphere
In the Numeric Pad of the keyboard, click 1 and click 5 to display the sphere in orthographic view
Press Tab to display in Edit Mode
Press Z to display in Wireframe mode
Press A to deselect everything
Press B to prepare to box-select
Draw a rectangle that selects the top lines excluding the middle line and the line just above it:
Press Delete
In the menu that appears, click Faces:
Zoom out to see less of the sphere
Press Tab to display the Object Mode
In the Numeric Pad, press 5 to return to the perspective view
Press Z to return to the Solid view
Press M and, in the Layers window, click the first button
On the menu bar of the 3D View, in the Visible Layers section, click the first button
In the Properties window, change the name to Ceiling Light and press Enter
In the Tools window, click the Tools tab and click Smooth
On the menu bar of the 3D View, click Add -> Mesh -> Cylinder
On the section below the Tools window, change the following values:
```
Vertices: 5
Radius: .1
Depth:  6
X: 3
Y: 5.5
Z: 3
```
Position the mouse in the work area and press N to display the Properties Region
In the Properties Region, get to the 3D Cursor section and change the Location as follows:
```
X: 4
Y: 5.5
Z: 0.1
```
Right-click the cube on the scene to select it
In the Properties window, click the Object button
In the Object section of the Properties window, change the Z location to 1.75
In the Tools window, click the Create tab if necessary and click Plane

In the Properties window, change the following values

Name:      Projected Light
Location - X:   6
           Y:   4
           Z:   10
Rotation - X: -20
           Y:  45
Scale    - X:   2.5
           Y:   3.5

Modeling the Interior of a House

Position the mouse in the work area and, to display the camera view, in the Numeric Pad, press 0
Press N to display the Properties Region
In the Properties Region, click the Lock Camera to View check box
Use the mouse to position the view so you can see the whole area
Press N to close the Properties Region
To preview the result, on the top menu, click Render -> Render Image
After viewing the result, press Esc to return to the 3D View

In the Outliner, click Local Light to select it
In the Properties window, click the Material button
In the Material section of the Properties window, click New
In the Surface text box, click Diffuse BSDF and, in the menu that appears, click Emission:
Change the Strength value to 5 and press Enter
Click the Color button and select a light-yellow color (I am using R = 0.800, G = 0.800, and B = 0.45):
Right-click the bottom border of the top menu bar and click Split Area:
Position the mouse somewhere between the middle of the work area and the right border
Click to confirm. If necessary, resize the windows
In the bottom-left side of the new window, click the 3D Viewport button and select Node Editor
Position the mouse inside the new window and press N to close its Properties Region
Zoom in the Node Editor to get a larger view of its content
In the Outliner, click Ceiling Light
On the menu bar of the Node Editor, click New
In the Properties window, click Diffuse BSDF and, in the menu that appears, click Emission
In the Node Editor, in the Emission box, change the Strength to 8 and press Enter
In the Outliner, click Projected Light
In the Properties window, click the New Button
In the Node Editor, click the body of Diffuse to select it:
Press Delete
On the menu bar of the Node Editor, click Add, position the mouse on Shader, and click Emission:
Position the Emission window to the left of the Output window
Drag the green button from the Emission window and drop it the green button of Surface in the Material Output window:
In the Emission window, change the Strength to 10
Position the mouse in the Node Editor and click (or click the right-pointing arrow)
In the Properties window, click the Render button
To preview the result, in the Render section, click the Render button
After viewing the result, press Esc to close the render view

A Glossy Object

An object is referred to as glossy if it shines. To support this, Blender provides a material named Glossy BSDF.

The Glossy material is in fact two materials in one. That is, it can be used to create an object that shines or it can be used to create some type of a mirror.

Like the Diffuse material, the Glossy one is based on a color and a roughness. Unlike the roughness of the Diffuse material that specifies the amount of light or darkness that should be applied to an object, the roughness of the Glossy material specifies the amount of shininess that should be applied to the object.

To specify how the render engine should apply the shinyness of an object, the Glossy material adds some mathematical algorithms in a combo box.

Fundamentals of Materials

The most fundamental and most regularly used material is called Diffuse BSDF.

Practical Learning: Introducing Glossiness

Materials
The Point structure provides other constructors you can use for the location of a control.

Alternatively, expand the Size field, click Width and type a value; click Height and type a value

btnSubmit.Size = new Size(80, 32);

Introduction

the delegate.

The Location of a Control

Introduction to the Location Point :

field:

Programmatically Locating a Control

The Size of a Control

Introduction

Programmatically Specifying the Size of a Control

To assist you with sizes, the Size structure provides the following constructor:

public Size(int width, int height);

Using this constructor, to programmatically specify the size of a control, assign a Size value to its Size property. Here is an example:

You can also define a Size object using a Point value. To support this, the Size structure is equipped with the following constructor:

public Size(Point pt);

Besides the Size, the System.Drawing namespace also provides the SizeF structure. It uses the same properties as Size except that its members float types.

To retrieve the dimensions of a control, you can get its Size property and assign it to a Size object.

The Rectangular Location and Size of a Control

To completely represent it, a rectangle is defined by its location and its dimensions. The location is defined by a point on the top-left corner of the rectangle. The distance from the left border of the object that owns the rectangle to the left border of the rectangle is represented by a property called Left. The distance from the top border of the object that owns the rectangle to the top border of the rectangle is represented by a property called Top. The distance from the left to the right borders of the rectangle is represented by a property called Width.

At any time, you can access or retrieve the characteristics of a Rectangle object as illustrated in the above picture from its properties. You use the same names we used in the picture.

Techniques of Visually Resizing a Control

Introduction

Cursor	Role
	Moves the seized border in the North-West <-> South-East direction
	Shrinks or heightens the control
	Moves the seized border in the North-East <-> South-West direction
	Narrows or enlarges the control

Before resizing a control, as mentioned already, first select it. To enlarge a control:

Position the mouse on the right (or the left) handle. Then click and drag in right (or left) direction. Once you get the desired width, release the mouse
Press and hold Shift. Then press the right arrow key as many times as you want. Once you get the desired width, release Shift

To narrow a control:

Position the mouse on its right (or its left) handle. Then click and drag in the left (or the right) direction. Once you get the desired width, release the mouse
Press and hold Shift. Then press the left arrow key as many times as you want. Once you get the desired width, release Shift

To heighten a control:

Position the mouse on its top (or its bottom) handle. Then click and drag in the top (or the bottom) direction. Once you get the desired width, release the mouse
Press and hold Shift. Then press the up arrow key as many times as you want. Once you get the desired width, release Shift

To shrink a control:

Position the mouse on its top (or its bottom) handle. Then click and drag in the bottom (or the top) direction. Once you get the desired width, release the mouse
Press and hold Shift. Then press the down arrow key as many times as you want. Once you get the desired width, release Shift

The Width and Height of a Control

Imagine you have added three controls to your form and, after spending some time designing them, they appear as follows:

At design time, to change the dimensions of a control, first click it. Then, in the Properties window, change the values of its Size property.

Button	Name	Format
	Make Same Width	Make Same Size -> Width

Result: All controls, except for the base control (the control that has the dark handles), will be resized horizontally so they have the same width as the base control:

The top control is used as reference
	=>
The middle control is used as reference
	=>
The bottom control is used as reference

Button	Name	Format
	Make Same Height	Make Same Size -> Height

Result: All controls, except for the base control (the control that has the dark handles), will be resized vertically so they have the same height as the base control:

The top control is used as reference
	=>
The middle control is used as reference
	=>
The bottom control is used as reference
	=>

To set the same width and the same height to a group of controls, first select them. Then, on the Layout toolbar or on the Format group of the main menu, select:

Button	Name	Format
	Make Same Size	Make Same Size -> Both

	=>
	=>
	=>

Practical Learning: Setting the Locations and Sizes of Controls

Star Microsoft Visual C#
To create a new application, on the main menu, click FILE -> New -> Project...
In the middle list, click Windows Application
In the Name box, replace the content with Rectangle2 and press Enter
From the Toolbox and from what we learned in the previous lesson, add four labels, four text boxes, and two buttons to the form
Based on what we have reviewed so far, design the form as follows:
To test the application, on the Standard toolbar, click the Start button
While the form is displaying, drag its right border to widen it. Also drag its bottom border to heighten it
Close the form and return to your programming environment
Save all

Common Properties of Controls

The Content Alignment of a Control

TextAlign Property

The TextAlign property is of type ContentAlignment, which is an enumeration. The members and result of this enumeration are:

To programmatically specify the text alignment of a control, access its TextAlign property and assign it the desired member of the ContentAlignment enumeration. Here is an example:

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

public class Exercise : Form
{
    private Button btnSubmit;

    private void InitializeComponent()
    {
        btnSubmit = new Button();
        btnSubmit.Text = "Submit";
        btnSubmit.Location = new Point(20, 20);
        btnSubmit.Size = new Size(100, 60);
        btnSubmit.TextAlign = ContentAlignment.BottomRight;

        Controls.Add(btnSubmit);
    }

    public Exercise()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
    }
}

public class Program
{
    static int Main()
    {
        Application.Run(new Exercise());
        return 0;
    }
}

Anchoring a Control

The ability to manage a control or a group of controls' location and size when the user resizes it is done using the Anchor property:

Bottom: The control bottom border will be the same even if the parent is heighten or shrunk

Left: The control left border will be the same even if the parent is widened or narrowed

None: No anchoring is applied

Right: The control right border will be the same even if the parent is widened or narrowed

Top: The control top border will be the same even if the parent is heightened or shrunk

In the same way, you can combine AnchorStyles values to "glue" one or more corners of a control to its parent when the parent is resized:

To visually combine two or more AnchorStyles values, after selecting the control(s) on the form, in the Properties window, click the arrow of the Anchor field and click each desired Anchor button
To programmatically combine two or more AnchorStyles values, you use the OR bit operator, which is |

Practical Learning: Anchoring the Controls

On the form, select the buttons on the right side:
In the Properties window, click Anchor and click the arrow of its combo box
Click the top vertical line and the right horizontal line. Click the left horizontal line to clear it:
On the form, select all text boxes
In the Properties window, click Anchor and click the arrow of its combo box. Click the right horizontal line and keep the others
Execute the application
Resize it horizontally and vertically to see the result
Close the form and return to your programming environment

Control Docking

Bottom: The control will be attached to the bottom border of its parent:

Fill: The control will use the whole client area of its parent.

Left: The control will be attached to the left border of its parent:

None: The control will be kept where it was positioned on the parent:

Right: The control will be attached to the right border of its parent:

Top: The control will be attached to the top border of its parent:

To programmatically specify the docking option of a control, access its Dock property and assign the desired member of the DockStyle enumeration. Here is an example:

public class Exercise : Form
{
    private Button btnSubmit;

    private void InitializeComponent()
    {
        btnSubmit = new Button();
        btnSubmit.Text = "Submit";
        btnSubmit.Dock = DockStyle.Right;

        Controls.Add(btnSubmit);
    }
}

Practical Learning: Docking a Control

On the Toolbox, click Panel
On the form, click and hold the mouse somewhere in the lower-left section. Then drag right and slightly up to draw it as follows (no need for precision):
While the panel control is still selected, in the Properties window, click Dock and click the arrow of its combo box
Select the box above None (to select Bottom)
Save all

Aesthetic Aspects of a Control

Background Color

If you are not familiar with the names of colors, you can visually select a color in the Custom tab.

To programmatically specify the background color of a control, access its BackColor property and assign it the desired member of the Color enumeration. Here is an example:

public class Exercise : Form
{
    private Button btnSubmit;
    
    private void InitializeComponent()
    {
        btnSubmit = new Button();
        btnSubmit.Text = "Submit";
        btnSubmit.BackColor = Color.Aquamarine;

        Controls.Add(btnSubmit);
    }
}

Practical Learning: Changing the Background Color of a Control

Click the Custom tab and click the color at 3rd column - 2nd row:

Background Image

Border Style

Some controls display a border when they are drawn and some others don't. Consider the following:

To programmatically specify the border style of a control, access its BorderStyle property and assign it the desired BorderStyle member. Here is an example:

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

public class Exercise : Form
{
    private Panel pnlViewer;

    private void InitializeComponent()
    {
        pnlViewer = new Panel();
        pnlViewer.BorderStyle = BorderStyle.Fixed3D;
        pnlViewer.BackColor = Color.LightBlue;
        Controls.Add(pnlViewer);
    }

    public Exercise()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
    }
}

public class Program
{
    static int Main()
    {
        Application.Run(new Exercise());
        return 0;
    }
}

API Characteristics of Controls

Tab Ordering

Cubes Fundamentals

Control's Visibility

If you don't want a control to primarily appear when the form comes up, you can either set its Visible property to False or set its parentâ€™s visible property to False. Equivalently, at run time, to hide a control, assign a False value to either its Visible property or its parent property. Keep in mind that when a parent gets hidden, it also hides its children. On the other hand, a parent can be made visible but hide one or some of its children.

To programmatically check whether a control is visible at one time, apply a conditional statement


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