Conditional Conjunctions

Nesting a Conditional Statement

A conditional statement has a body, which is from where the condition is defined to where its behavior ends. In the body of the conditional statement, you can create another conditional statement. This is referred to as nesting the condition. In a method of a class, the condition nesting can be formulated as follows:

if( condition1 )     // The nesting, main, parent, first, or external condition
    if( condition2 ) // The nested, child, second, or internal condition
    	statement(s)

Here is an example:

using static System.Console;

public class VaccinationCampaign
{
    public static int Main()
    {
        int ageRange = 0;
        string gender = "u";
        string patientName = null;

        WriteLine("Department of Health");
        WriteLine("--------------------------------------------------");
        WriteLine("Patient's Diagnosis");
        Write("Patient's Name: ");
        patientName = ReadLine();
        Write("Patient's Gender (m - Male, f - Female): ");
        gender = ReadLine();
        Write("Is the patient a toddler/kid or a teen/adult (0 - Unknown, 1 - Toddler/Kid, 2 - Teen/Adult): ");
        ageRange = int.Parse(ReadLine());

        Clear();

        WriteLine("Department of Health");
        WriteLine("--------------------------------------------------");
        WriteLine("Patient's Diagnosis");
        WriteLine("Name:   " + patientName);
        WriteLine("Gender: " + gender);

        if (gender == "f")
            if (ageRange == 2)
                WriteLine("Age Range: Young Adult or Lady");

        WriteLine("==================================================");

        return 0;
    }
}

Here is an example of running the program:

Department of Health
--------------------------------------------------
Patient's Diagnosis
Patient's Name: Joan Swanson
Patient's Gender (m - Male, f - Female): f
Is the patient a toddler/kid or a teen/adult (0 - Unknown, 1 - Toddler/Kid, 2 -
Teen/Adult): 2

The resulting summary would be:

Department of Health
--------------------------------------------------
Patient's Diagnosis
Name:   Joan Swanson
Gender: f
Age Range: Young Adult or Lady
==================================================
Press any key to continue . . .

If the condition must include many statements, you should delimit their section with curly brackets:

if( condition1 )
{    
    if( condition2 )
    {
        statement(s)
    }
}

In the same way, you can nest one conditional statement in one, then nest that new one in another conditional statement, and so on. In a method, this can be formulated as follows:

if( condition1 )
    if( condition2 )
        if( condition3 )
            statement(s)

Once again, any condition that includes more than one statement must have its statements included in curly brackets:

if( condition1 )
{    
    if( condition2 )
    {    
        if( condition3 )
	{    
            statement(s)
        }
    }
}

Here is an example:

using static System.Console;

public class VaccinationCampaign
{
    private static void InCaseOfPregnancy()
    {
        WriteLine("The following vaccinations are recommended:");
        WriteLine("1. Influenza (Inactivated)");
        WriteLine("2. Tdap");
        WriteLine("3. Hepatitis B: The patient should consult her physician");
    }

    public static int Main()
    {
        int age = 0;
        string range = null;
        string gender = "u";
        string pregnancy = null;
        string patientName = null;

        WriteLine("Department of Health");
        WriteLine("--------------------------------------------------");
        WriteLine("Patient's Diagnosis");
        Write("Patient's Name: ");
        patientName = ReadLine();
        Write("Patient's Gender (m - Male, f - Female): ");
        gender = ReadLine();
        Write("Is the patient a toddler/kid or a teen/adult (0 - Unknown, 1 - Toddler/Kid, 2 - Teen/Adult): ");
        age = int.Parse(ReadLine());

        if (age == 2)
            range = "Young Adult or Lady";

        Clear();

        WriteLine("Department of Health");
        WriteLine("--------------------------------------------------");
        WriteLine("Patient's Diagnosis");
        WriteLine("Name:   " + patientName);
        WriteLine("Gender: " + gender);
        WriteLine("Age Range: " + range);

        if (gender == "f")
        {
            if (age == 2)
            {
                Write("Is the patient pregnant (y/n)? ");
                pregnancy = ReadLine();

                if (pregnancy == "y")
                    InCaseOfPregnancy();
            }
        }

        WriteLine("==================================================");

        return 0;
    }
}

Here is an example of running the program:

epartment of Health
-------------------------------------------------
atient's Diagnosis
atient's Name: John Critenden
atient's Gender (m - Male, f - Female): m
s the patient a toddler/kid or a teen/adult (0 - Unknown, 1 - Toddler/Kid, 2 -
een/Adult): 1

The second part would be:

Department of Health
--------------------------------------------------
Patient's Diagnosis
Name:   John Critenden
Gender: m
Age Range: Toddle or kid
==================================================
Press any key to continue . . .

Here is another example of running the program:

Department of Health
--------------------------------------------------
Patient's Diagnosis
Patient's Name: Joan Swanson
Patient's Gender (m - Male, f - Female): f
Is the patient a toddler/kid or a teen/adult (0 - Unknown, 1 - Toddler/Kid, 2 -
Teen/Adult): 2

The second part is:

epartment of Health
-------------------------------------------------
atient's Diagnosis
ame:   Veronica Clarenden
ender: f
ge Range: Young Adult or Lady
s the patient pregnant (y/n)? y

The summary result is:

Department of Health
--------------------------------------------------
Patient's Diagnosis
Name:   Joan Swanson
Gender: f
Age Range: Young Adult or Lady
Is the patient pregnant (y/n)? y
The following vaccinations are recommended:
1. Influenza (Inactivated)
2. Tdap
3. Hepatitis B: The patient should consult her physician
==================================================
Press any key to continue . . .

Practical Learning: Introducing Boolean Conjunctions

1. Start Microsoft Visual Studio
2. On the main menu of Microsoft Visual Studio, click File -> New -> Project...
3. In the middle list, click Empty Project (.NET Framework).
   Change the project Name to StockBrokerCompany1
4. Click OK
5. Click the Class View tab to access it
6. In the Class View, right-click StockBrokerCompany1 -> Add -> Class...
7. In the middle list, make sure Class is selected.
   Replace the Name with StocksProcessing
8. Click Add

Boolean Conjunctions

Remember that you can nest one condition in another condition as in:

if( condition1 )
    if( condition2 )
    statement(s)

Or:

if( condition1 )
{    
    if( condition2 )
    {
        statement(s)
    }
}

When you nest a condition, you are in fact indicating that "if condition1 verifies, then if condition2 verifies, do this...". The external condition must be verified first as being true or false (depending on how you wrote the conditional statement). If that first (the external) condition is true, the second (the internal) condition is checked. If the first (or external) condition is not valid, the second (the internal) condition is not evaluated. To support a simplified technique to apply this description, the C# language provides the Boolean "AND" operator, represented as &&. Its primary formula is:

condition1 && condition2

You must formulate each condition to produce a true or a false result. The result is as follows:

• If condition1 is true and condition2 is true, the whole expression produces a true result
• If either condition1 or condition2 is false (including if both are false), the whole expression produces a false result

Practical Learning: Introducing Boolean Conjunctions

1. Change the a StocksProcessing class as follows:

   using static System.Console;
   
   namespace StockBrokerCompany1
   {
       public class StocksProcessing
       {
           private static int Main()
           {
               int numberOfShares = 0;
               double pricePerShare = 0.00;
   
               WriteLine("Stock Broker Company - Stock Evaluation");
               WriteLine("------------------------");
               WriteLine("Enter the following values");
               Write("Number of Shares: ");
               numberOfShares = int.Parse(ReadLine());
               Write("Price Per Share: ");
               pricePerShare = double.Parse(ReadLine());
   
               double principal = 0.00;
               double commission = 0.00;
               double totalInvestment = 0.00;
   
               principal = numberOfShares * pricePerShare;
   
               if (principal >= 0 && principal <= 2500)
               {
                   commission = 26.25 + (principal * 0.0014);
               }
   
               if (principal > 2500 && principal <= 6000)
               {
                   commission = 45.00 + (principal * 0.0054);
               }
               if (principal > 6000 && principal <= 20000)
               {
                   commission = 60.00 + (principal * 0.0028);
               }
   
               if (principal > 20000 && principal <= 50000)
               {
                   commission = 75.00 + (principal * 0.001875);
               }
   
               if (principal > 50000 && principal <= 500000)
               {
                   commission = 131.25 + (principal * 0.0009);
               }
   
               if (principal > 500000)
               {
                   commission = 206.25 + (principal * 0.000075);
               }
   
               totalInvestment = principal + commission;
   
               Clear();
   
               WriteLine("Stock Broker Company - Stock Evaluation");
               WriteLine("---------------------------------------");
               WriteLine("Number of Shares: {0}", numberOfShares);
               WriteLine("Price Per Share:  {0:c}", pricePerShare);
               WriteLine("Principal:        {0:C}", principal);
               WriteLine("Commission:       {0:c}", commission);
               WriteLine("Total Investment: {0:C}", totalInvestment);
               WriteLine("======================================");
   
   
               return 0;
           }
       }
   }

2. To execute the application, on the main menu,, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging

   Stock Broker Company - Stock Evaluation
   ------------------------
   Enter the following values
   Number of Shares:

3. When prompted for the Number of Shares, type a natural number such as 64788 and press Enter
4. For the Price Per Share, type a number such as 36.85

   tock Broker Company - Stock Evaluation
   -----------------------
   nter the following values
   umber of Shares: 64788
   rice Per Share: 36.85

5. Press Enter:

   Stock Broker Company - Stock Evaluation
   ---------------------------------------
   Number of Shares: 64788
   Price Per Share:  $36.85
   Principal:        $2,387,437.80
   Commission:       $385.31
   Total Investment: $2,387,823.11
   ======================================
   Press any key to continue . . .

6. Press Enter to close the window and return to your programming environment
7. To make your code easier to read, it is a good idea to include each Boolean operation in its own parentheses.
   For a few examples, change the code as follows:

   using static System.Console;
   
   namespace StockBrokerCompany1
   {
       public class StocksProcessing
       {
           private static int Main()
           {
               int numberOfShares = 0;
               double pricePerShare = 0.00;
   
               WriteLine("Stock Broker Company - Stock Evaluation");
               WriteLine("------------------------");
               WriteLine("Enter the following values");
               Write("Number of Shares: ");
               numberOfShares = int.Parse(ReadLine());
               Write("Price Per Share: ");
               pricePerShare = double.Parse(ReadLine());
   
               double principal = 0.00;
               double commission = 0.00;
               double totalInvestment = 0.00;
   
               principal = numberOfShares * pricePerShare;
   
               if( (principal >= 0) && (principal <= 2500) )
               {
                   commission = 26.25 + (principal * 0.0014);
               }
   
               if( (principal > 2500) && (principal <= 6000) )
               {
                   commission = 45.00 + (principal * 0.0054);
               }
               if( (principal > 6000) && (principal <= 20000) )
               {
                   commission = 60.00 + (principal * 0.0028);
               }
   
               if( (principal > 20000) && (principal <= 50000) )
               {
                   commission = 75.00 + (principal * 0.001875);
               }
   
               if( (principal > 50000) && (principal <= 500000) )
               {
                   commission = 131.25 + (principal * 0.0009);
               }
   
               if (principal > 500000)
               {
                   commission = 206.25 + (principal * 0.000075);
               }
   
               totalInvestment = principal + commission;
   
               Clear();
   
               WriteLine("Stock Broker Company - Stock Evaluation");
               WriteLine("---------------------------------------");
               WriteLine("Number of Shares: {0}", numberOfShares);
               WriteLine("Price Per Share:  {0:c}", pricePerShare);
               WriteLine("Principal:        {0:C}", principal);
               WriteLine("Commission:       {0:c}", commission);
               WriteLine("Total Investment: {0:C}", totalInvestment);
               WriteLine("======================================");
   
               return 0;
           }
       }
   }

8. To execute the project, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging
9. Enter some values when prompted
10. Press Enter
11. Close the window and return to your programming environment

Combining Various Conjunctions

Depending on your goal, if two conditions are not enough, you can create as many conjunctions as you want. The formula to follow is:

condition1 && condition2 && condition3 && . . . && condition_n

When the expression is checked, if any of the operations is false, the whole operation is false. The only time the whole operation is true is if all of the operations are true.

Of course, you can nest a Boolean condition inside another conditional statement.

Boolean Disjunctions

Introduction

A Boolean disjunction is a conditional statement where you combine more than one condition but only one of the conditions needs to be true for the whole operation to be true. This operation is performed using the Boolean "OR" operator represented as ||. The primary formula to follow is:

condition1 || condition2

The operation works as follows:

• If at least one of the individual conditions is true (in this case, either condition1 or condition2), the whole operation produces a true result
• If all operations are false, only then will the whole operation produce a false result

Combining Various Disjunctions

You can create a conditional statement that includes as many disjunctions as you want. The formula to follow is:

condition1 || condition2 || . . . || condition_n

The rule is the same: If any one of the individual operations is true, the whole operation is true. The whole operation is false only if all of the operations are false.

Practical Learning: Introducing Logical Disjunctions

1. On the main menu of Microsoft Visual Studio, click File -> New -> Project...
2. In the middle list, make sure Empty Project (.NET Framework) is selected. Change the project Name to Chemistry04
3. Click OK
4. Click the Class View tab to activate it
5. In the Class Viewr, right-click Chemistry04 -> Add -> Class...
6. Replace the name with Element
7. Click Add
8. Change the code as follows:

   namespace Chemistry04
   {
       public class Element
       {
           public string Symbol;
           public string ElementName;
           public int    AtomicNumber;
           public double AtomicWeight;
   
           public Element()
           {
               Symbol = "H";
               ElementName = "Hydrogen";
               AtomicWeight = 1.008;
               AtomicNumber = 1;
           }
   
           public Element(int number)
           {
               AtomicNumber = number;
           }
   
           public Element(string symbol)
           {
               Symbol = symbol;
           }
   
           public Element(int number, string symbol, string name, double mass)
           {
               Symbol = symbol;
               ElementName = name;
               AtomicWeight = mass;
               AtomicNumber = number;
           }
       }
   }

9. In the Class Viewr, right-click Chemistry04 -> Add -> Class...
10. In the middle frame of the Add New Item dialog box, make sure Class is selected.
    Replace the name with Chemistry
11. Click Add
12. Change the class as follows:

using static System.Console;

namespace Chemistry01
{
    public class Chemistry
    {
        private static void Describe(Element e)
        {
            WriteLine("Chemistry - " + e.ElementName);
            WriteLine("------------------------");
            WriteLine("Symbol:        " + e.Symbol);
            WriteLine("Element Name:  " + e.ElementName);
            WriteLine("Atomic Number: " + e.AtomicNumber);
            WriteLine("Atomic Weight: " + e.AtomicWeight);
        }

        public static int Main()
        {
            Element elm = null;

            Element h = new Element(1, "H", "Hydrogen", 1.008);
            Element he = new Element(2, "He", "Helium", 4.002602);
            Element li = new Element(3, "Li", "Lithium", 6.94);
            Element be = new Element(4, "Be", "Beryllium", 9.0121831);
            Element b = new Element(5, "B", "Boron", 10.81);
            Element c = new Element(name: "Carbon", mass: 12.011, symbol: "C", number: 6);
            Element n = new Element(number: 7, symbol: "N", name: "Nitrogen", mass: 14.007);
            Element o = new Element(number: 8, symbol: "O", name: "Oxygen", mass: 15.999);
            Element f = new Element(number: 9, symbol: "F", name: "Fluorine", mass: 15.999);
            Element ne = new Element(number: 10, symbol: "Ne", name: "Neon", mass: 20.1797);
            Element na = new Element(11, "Na", "Sodium", mass: 22.98976928);
            Element mg = new Element(12, "Mg", "Magnesium", 24.305);
            Element al = new Element(13, "Al", "Aluminium", 26.9815385);
            Element si = new Element() { ElementName = "Silicon", AtomicWeight = 28.085, Symbol = "Si", AtomicNumber = 14 };

            WriteLine("Chemistry - Periodic Table");
            WriteLine("------------------------------------------------");
            Write("Type the atomic symbol of an element you want to review (H to Si): ");
            string symbol = ReadLine();

            if (symbol == "h" || symbol == "H") { elm = h; }
            else if (symbol == "he" || symbol == "He" || symbol == "HE" || symbol == "hE") { elm = he; }
            else if (symbol == "li" || symbol == "Li" || symbol == "LI" || symbol == "lI") { elm = li; }
            else if (symbol == "be" || symbol == "Be" || symbol == "BE" || symbol == "bE") { elm = be; }
            else if (symbol == "b" || symbol == "B") { elm = b; }
            else if (symbol == "c" || symbol == "C") { elm = c; }
            else if (symbol == "n" || symbol == "N") { elm = n; }
            else if (symbol == "o" || symbol == "O") { elm = o; }
            else if (symbol == "F" || symbol == "f") { elm = f; }
            else if (symbol == "ne" || symbol == "Ne" || symbol == "NE" || symbol == "nE") { elm = ne; }
            else if (symbol == "na" || symbol == "NA" || symbol == "Na" || symbol == "nA") { elm = na; }
            else if (symbol == "mg" || symbol == "Mg" || symbol == "MG" || symbol == "mG") { elm = mg; }
            else if (symbol == "al" || symbol == "Al" || symbol == "AL" || symbol == "aL") { elm = al; }
            else if (symbol == "si" || symbol == "Si" || symbol == "SI" || symbol == "sI") { elm = si; }

            Clear();

            Describe(elm);
            WriteLine("=================================");

            return 0;
        }
    }
}

13. To execute the project, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging:

    Chemistry - Periodic Table
    ------------------------------------------------
    Type the atomic symbol of an element you want to review (H to Si):

14. When prompted, type Na

    Chemistry - Periodic Table
    ------------------------------------------------
    Type the atomic symbol of an element you want to review (H to Si): Na

15. Press Enter:

    Chemistry - Sodium
    ------------------------
    Symbol:        Na
    Element Name:  Sodium
    Atomic Number: 11
    Atomic Weight: 22.98976928
    =================================
    Press any key to continue . . .

16. Press Enter to close the window and return to your programming environment
17. As mentioned for the conjunction, it is a good idea to include each Boolean operation in its parentheses.
    Change the code as follows:

    using static System.Console;
    
    namespace Chemistry01
    {
        public class Chemistry
        {
            private static void Describe(Element e)
            {
                WriteLine("Chemistry - " + e.ElementName);
                WriteLine("------------------------");
                WriteLine("Symbol:        " + e.Symbol);
                WriteLine("Element Name:  " + e.ElementName);
                WriteLine("Atomic Number: " + e.AtomicNumber);
                WriteLine("Atomic Weight: " + e.AtomicWeight);
            }
    
            public static int Main()
            {
                Element elm = null;
    
                Element h = new Element(1, "H", "Hydrogen", 1.008);
                Element he = new Element(2, "He", "Helium", 4.002602);
                Element li = new Element(3, "Li", "Lithium", 6.94);
                Element be = new Element(4, "Be", "Beryllium", 9.0121831);
                Element b = new Element(5, "B", "Boron", 10.81);
                Element c = new Element(name: "Carbon", mass: 12.011, symbol: "C", number: 6);
                Element n = new Element(number: 7, symbol: "N", name: "Nitrogen", mass: 14.007);
                Element o = new Element(number: 8, symbol: "O", name: "Oxygen", mass: 15.999);
                Element f = new Element(number: 9, symbol: "F", name: "Fluorine", mass: 15.999);
                Element ne = new Element(number: 10, symbol: "Ne", name: "Neon", mass: 20.1797);
                Element na = new Element(11, "Na", "Sodium", mass: 22.98976928);
                Element mg = new Element(12, "Mg", "Magnesium", 24.305);
                Element al = new Element(13, "Al", "Aluminium", 26.9815385);
                Element si = new Element() { ElementName = "Silicon", AtomicWeight = 28.085, Symbol = "Si", AtomicNumber = 14 };
                Element p = new Element() { ElementName = "Phosphorus", AtomicWeight = 30.973761998, Symbol = "P", AtomicNumber = 15 };
    
                WriteLine("Chemistry - Periodic Table");
                WriteLine("------------------------------------------------");
                Write("Type the atomic symbol of an element you want to review (H to P): ");
                string symbol = ReadLine();
    
                if( (symbol == "h") || (symbol == "H") ) { elm = h; }
                else if( (symbol == "he") || (symbol == "He") || (symbol == "HE") || (symbol == "hE") ) { elm = he; }
                else if( (symbol == "li") || (symbol == "Li") || (symbol == "LI") || (symbol == "lI") ) { elm = li; }
                else if( (symbol == "be") || (symbol == "Be") || (symbol == "BE") || (symbol == "bE") ) { elm = be; }
                else if( (symbol == "b") || (symbol == "B") ) { elm = b; }
                else if( (symbol == "c") || (symbol == "C") ) { elm = c; }
                else if( (symbol == "n") || (symbol == "N") ) { elm = n; }
                else if( (symbol == "o") || (symbol == "O") ) { elm = o; }
                else if( (symbol == "F") || (symbol == "f") ) { elm = f; }
                else if( (symbol == "ne") || (symbol == "Ne") || (symbol == "NE") || (symbol == "nE") ) { elm = ne; }
                else if( (symbol == "na") || (symbol == "NA") || (symbol == "Na") || (symbol == "nA") ) { elm = na; }
                else if( (symbol == "mg") || (symbol == "Mg") || (symbol == "MG") || (symbol == "mG") ) { elm = mg; }
                else if( (symbol == "al") || (symbol == "Al") || (symbol == "AL") || (symbol == "aL") ) { elm = al; }
                else if( (symbol == "si") || (symbol == "Si") || (symbol == "SI") || (symbol == "sI") ) { elm = si; }
    
                Clear();
    
                Describe(elm);
                WriteLine("=================================");
    
                return 0;
            }
        }
    }

18. To execute the project, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging:

    Chemistry - Periodic Table
    ------------------------------------------------
    Type the atomic symbol of an element you want to review (H to Si):

19. When prompted, type Mg

    Chemistry - Periodic Table
    ------------------------------------------------
    Type the atomic symbol of an element you want to review (H to Si): Na

20. Press Enter:

    Chemistry - Magnesium
    ------------------------
    Symbol:        Mg
    Element Name:  Magnesium
    Atomic Number: 12
    Atomic Weight: 24.305
    =================================
    Press any key to continue . . .

21. Press Enter to close the window and return to your programming environment

Combining Conjunctions and Disjunctions

Conjunctions and disjunctions can be used in the same expression. A conjunction (or disjunction) can be used to evaluate one sub-expression while a disjunction (or conjunction) can be used to evaluate another sub-expression.

Practical Learning: Ending the Lesson

• Close your programming environment

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