Lesson 04: Introduction to Logical Operations

Introduction to Conditions

Foundations of Comparisons

We are already familiar with numbers and strings. A value is said to be Boolean if can be evaluated as being true or being false.

A comparison consists of establishing a relationship between two values, such as to find out whether both values are equal or one of them is greated than the other, etc. To perform a comparison, you use two operands and an operator as in the following formula:

operand1 operator operand2

This is the basic formula of a Boolean expression.

Practical Learning: Introducing Conditions

Start Microsoft Visual Studio. In the Visual Studio 2022 dialog box, click Create a New Project
In the Create a New Project dialog box, make sure Console App is selected. Click Next
In the Configure Your New Project dialog box, change the Project Name to FunDepartmentStore1 and set the Location of your choice
Click Next
In the Additional Information dialog box, make sure the Framework combo box displays .NET 6.0 (Long-Term Support).
Click Create

Change the document as follows:

using static System.Console;

WriteLine("FUN DEPARTMENT STORE");
WriteLine("=======================================================");
WriteLine("Item Preparation");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine("Enter the following pieces of information");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");

int discountRate = 75;
double discountAmount = 0.00;
double discountedPrice = 0.00;

Write("Item Name:        ");
string itemName = ReadLine();
Write("Original Price:   ");
double originalPrice = double.Parse(ReadLine());
Write("Days in Store:    ");
int daysInStore = int.Parse(ReadLine());

discountAmount  = originalPrice * discountRate / 100;
discountedPrice = originalPrice - discountAmount;

WriteLine("+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+");
WriteLine("FUN DEPARTMENT STORE");
WriteLine("=======================================================");
WriteLine("Store Inventory");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine($"Item Name:        {itemName}");
WriteLine($"Original Price:   {originalPrice}");
WriteLine($"Days in Store:    {daysInStore}");
WriteLine($"Discount Rate:    {discountRate}%");
WriteLine($"Discount Amount:  {discountAmount:f}");
WriteLine($"Discounted Price: {discountedPrice:f}");
WriteLine("=======================================================");

To execute, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging
When requested, for the item name as Tulip Sleeved Sheath Dress and press Enter
For the original price, type 89.95 and press Enter

For the days in store, type 28 and press Enter

FUN DEPARTMENT STORE
=======================================================
Item Preparation
-------------------------------------------------------
Enter the following pieces of information
-------------------------------------------------------
Item Name:        Tulip Sleeved Sheath Dress
Original Price:   89.95
Days in Store:    28
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
FUN DEPARTMENT STORE
=======================================================
Store Inventory
-------------------------------------------------------
Item Name:        Tulip Sleeved Sheath Dress
Original Price:   89.95
Days in Store:    28
Discount Rate:    75%
Discount Amount:  67.46
Discounted Price: 22.49
=======================================================

Press any key to close this window . . .

Press T to close the window and return to your programming environment

if a Condition Applies

A conditional statement is a logical expression that produces a true or false result. You can then use that result as you want. To create a logical expression, you use a Boolean operator. To assist you with this, the C# language provides an operator named if. The primary formula to use it is:

if(condition) statement;

If you are using Microsoft Visual Studio, to use a code snippet to create an if conditional statement, right-click the section where you want to add the code and click Code Snippet... Double-click Visual C#. In the list, double-click if:

The condition can have the following formula:

operand1 Boolean-operator operand2

Any of the operands can be a constant or the name of a variable. The operator is a logical one. The whole expression is the condition. If the expression produces a true result, then the statement would execute.

If the if statement is short, you can write it on the same line with the condition that is being checked. This would be done as follows:

if( operand1 Boolean-operator operand2) statement;

If the statement is long, you can write it on a line different from that of the if condition. This would be done as follows:

if( operand1 Boolean-operator operand2)
    statement;

You can also write the statement on its own line even if the statement is short enough to fit on the same line with the condition.

The Body of a Conditional Statement

The statement, whether written on the same line as the if condition or on the next line, is called the body of the conditional statement.

Although the (simple) if statement is used to check one condition, it can lead to executing multiple dependent statements. If that is the case, enclose the group of statements between an opening curly bracket "{" and a closing curly bracket "}". This would be done as follows:

if( operand1 operator operand2)
{
    . . .
    . . .
    . . .
}

In this case, the section from { (included) to } (included) is also referred to as the body of the conditional statement. If you omit the brackets, only the statement or line of code that immediately follows the condition would be executed.

Fundamentals of Boolean Values

Introduction

A value is said to be Boolean if it is true or it is false. In fact, the two available Boolean values are true and false.

A Boolean Variable

To let you declare a Boolean variable, the C# language provides a data type named bool. Here is an example of declaring a Boolean variable:

bool drinkingUnderAge;

To initialize a Boolean variable or to change its value, assign true or false to it. Here is an example:

bool drinkingUnderAge = true;

In this case, you can also declare the variable as var, object or dynamic. Make sure you initialize the variable when declaring it. Remember that, in any case, after declaring a (Boolean) variable, you can later change its value by assigning an updated value to it. Here is an example:

var drinkingUnderAge = true;

// Blah blah blah

drinkingUnderAge = false;

A Constant Boolean Variable

If you are planning to use a Boolean variable whose value will never change, you can declare it as a constant. To do this, apply the const keyword to the variable and initialize it. Here is an example:

const bool driverIsSober = true;

Getting a Boolean Value

As reviewed for the other data types, you can request the value of a Boolean variable from your users. The user must type "true" or "false", case-insensitive. This means that the user can type "true", "True", "TRUE", "False", "FALSE", or "false", etc. When the user has typed the value, you must convert that value to a Boolean. As seen with the other data types, to convert a value, you can write Parse() and, in the parentheses, put the value to be converted. Here is an example:

using static System.Console;

bool drinkingUnderAge = true;

Write("Are you drunk (Type 'true' or 'false'): ");
string answer = ReadLine();

drinkingUnderAge = bool.Parse(answer);

Presenting a Boolean Value

To display the value of a Boolean variable to the console, pass the name of the variable to a Write() or a WriteLine() method. Here are examples:

using static System.Console;

bool drinkingUnderAge = true;

Write("The driver was operating under age: ");
WriteLine(drinkingUnderAge);
WriteLine("-----------------------------------------");

drinkingUnderAge = false;

Write("The person was driving under age: ");
WriteLine(drinkingUnderAge);
WriteLine("=========================================");

In the same way, if you had requested a Boolean value from a user, you can display it. Here is an example:

using static System.Console;

bool drinkingUnderAge = true;

Write("Are you drunk (Type 'true' or 'false'): ");
string answer = ReadLine();

drinkingUnderAge = bool.Parse(answer);

WriteLine("============================================");
WriteLine("Your answer was:    {0}", drinkingUnderAge);
WriteLine("============================================");

Here is an example of running the program:

Are you drunk (Type 'true' or 'false'): TRUE
============================================
Your answer was:    True
============================================

Press any key to close this window . . .

Assigning a Logical Expression to a Boolean Variable

We saw that, to initialize or specify the value of a Boolean variable, you can assign a true or false value. A Boolean variable can also be initialized with a Boolean expression. This would be done as follows:

bool variable = operand1 Boolean-operator operand2;

To make your code easy to read, you should include the logical expression in parentheses. This can be done as follows:

bool variable = (operand1 Boolean-operator operand2);

Fundamentals of Logical Operators

Introduction

As introduced in the previous lesson, a logical comparison is used to establish the logical relationship between two values, a variable and a value, or two variables. There are various operators available to perform such comparisons.

A Value Less Than Another: <

To find out whether one value is lower than another, the operator to use is <. Its formula is:

Value1 < Value2

This operation can be illustrated as follows:

Flowchart: Less Than

If a Condition IS Valid

To indicate that you are performing a comparison for a "Less Than" operation, in the parentheses of the conditional statement, you can start with a keyword named is. We saw that the formula of a conditional statement is:

if(condition) statement(s);

This time, the formula of the condition becomes:

operand1 is Boolean-operator operand2

For a "Less Than" operation, the formula of the conditional statement is:

if(operand1 is < operand2)
    statement(s);

Practical Learning: Comparing for a Lesser Value

Change the document as follows:

using static System.Console;

WriteLine("FUN DEPARTMENT STORE");
WriteLine("=======================================================");
WriteLine("Item Preparation");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine("Enter the following pieces of information");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");

int discountRate = 75;
double discountAmount = 0.00;
double discountedPrice = 0.00;

Write("Item Name:        ");
string itemName = ReadLine();
Write("Original Price:   ");
double originalPrice = double.Parse(ReadLine());
Write("Days in Store:    ");
int daysInStore = int.Parse(ReadLine());

if(daysInStore is < 60)
    discountRate = 50;
if(daysInStore is < 45)
    discountRate = 35;
if(daysInStore is < 35)
    discountRate = 15;
if(daysInStore is < 15)
    discountRate = 0;

discountAmount  = originalPrice * discountRate / 100;
discountedPrice = originalPrice - discountAmount;

WriteLine("+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+");
WriteLine("FUN DEPARTMENT STORE");
WriteLine("=======================================================");
WriteLine("Store Inventory");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine($"Item Name:        {itemName}");
WriteLine($"Original Price:   {originalPrice}");
WriteLine($"Days in Store:    {daysInStore}");
WriteLine($"Discount Rate:    {discountRate}%");
WriteLine($"Discount Amount:  {discountAmount:f}");
WriteLine($"Discounted Price: {discountedPrice:f}");
WriteLine("=======================================================");

To execute, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging
When requested, for the item name as Tulip Sleeved Sheath Dress and press Enter
For the original price, type 89.95 and press Enter

For the days in store, type 28 and press Enter

FUN DEPARTMENT STORE
=======================================================
Item Preparation
-------------------------------------------------------
Enter the following pieces of information
-------------------------------------------------------
Item Name:        Tulip Sleeved Sheath Dress
Original Price:   89.95
Days in Store:    28
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
FUN DEPARTMENT STORE
=======================================================
Store Inventory
-------------------------------------------------------
Item Name:        Tulip Sleeved Sheath Dress
Original Price:   89.95
Days in Store:    28
Discount Rate:    15%
Discount Amount:  13.49
Discounted Price: 76.46
=======================================================
Press any key to close this window . . .

Press F to close the window and return to your programming environment
To execute, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging
When requested, for the item name as Tulip Sleeved Sheath Dress and press Enter
For the original price, type 89.95 and press Enter

For the days in store, type 46 and press Enter

FUN DEPARTMENT STORE
=======================================================
Item Preparation
-------------------------------------------------------
Enter the following pieces of information
-------------------------------------------------------
Item Name:        Tulip Sleeved Sheath Dress
Original Price:   89.95
Days in Store:    46
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
FUN DEPARTMENT STORE
=======================================================
Store Inventory
-------------------------------------------------------
Item Name:        Tulip Sleeved Sheath Dress
Original Price:   89.95
Days in Store:    46
Discount Rate:    50%
Discount Amount:  44.98
Discounted Price: 44.98
=======================================================
Press any key to close this window . . .

Press V to close the window and return to your programming environment
To start a new project, on the main menu of Microsoft Visual Studio, click File -> New -> Project...
Make sure Console App is selected.
Click Next
Change the file Name to PayrollPreparation1 and change or accept the project Location
Click Next
Make sure the Target Framework combo box is displaying .NET 6.0 (Long-Term Support).
Click Create

Change the document as follows:

using static System.Console;

WriteLine("FUN DEPARTMENT STORE");
WriteLine("=======================================================");
WriteLine("Payroll Preparation");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine("Enter the following pieces of information");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine("Employee Information");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
Write("First Name:    ");
string firstName = ReadLine();
Write("Last Name:     ");
string lastName = ReadLine();
Write("Hourly Salary: ");
double hSalary = double.Parse(ReadLine());
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine("Time worked");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");

Write("Monday:        ");
double mon = double.Parse(ReadLine());

Write("Tuesday:       ");
double tue = double.Parse(ReadLine());

Write("Wednesday:     ");
double wed = double.Parse(ReadLine());

Write("Thursday:      ");
double thu = double.Parse(ReadLine());

Write("Friday:        ");
double fri = double.Parse(ReadLine());

double time_worked = mon + tue + wed + thu + fri;
double net_pay     = hSalary * time_worked;
        
WriteLine("+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+");
WriteLine("FUN DEPARTMENT STORE");
WriteLine("=======================================================");
WriteLine("Payroll Evaluation");
WriteLine("=======================================================");
WriteLine("Employee Information");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine($"Full Name:     {firstName} {lastName}");
WriteLine($"Hourly Salary: {hSalary:f}");
WriteLine("=======================================================");
WriteLine("Time Worked Summary");
WriteLine("--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------");
WriteLine(" Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday");
WriteLine("--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------");
WriteLine($"  {mon:f}  |   {tue:f}  |    {wed:f}   |   {thu:f}   |  {fri:f}");
WriteLine("========+=========+===========+==========+=============");
WriteLine("                      Pay Summary");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine($"                      Total Time:  {time_worked:f}");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine($"                      Net Pay:     {net_pay:f}");
WriteLine("=======================================================");

To execute the project, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging

When requested, type each of the following values and press Enter each time:

First Name:	Michael
Last Name:	Carlock
Hourly Salary:	28.25
Monday	7
Tuesday:	8
Wednesday:	6.5
Thursday:	8.5
Friday:	6.5

FUN DEPARTMENT STORE
=======================================================
Payroll Preparation
-------------------------------------------------------
Enter the following pieces of information
-------------------------------------------------------
Employee Information
-------------------------------------------------------
First Name:    Michael
Last Name:     Carlock
Hourly Salary: 28.25
-------------------------------------------------------
Time worked
-------------------------------------------------------
Monday:        7
Tuesday:       8
Wednesday:     6.5
Thursday:      8.5
Friday:        6.5
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
FUN DEPARTMENT STORE
=======================================================
Payroll Evaluation
=======================================================
Employee Information
-------------------------------------------------------
Full Name:     Michael Carlock
Hourly Salary: 28.25
=======================================================
Time Worked Summary
--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------
 Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday
--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------
  7.00  |   8.00  |    6.50   |   8.50   |  6.50
========+=========+===========+==========+=============
                      Pay Summary
-------------------------------------------------------
                      Total Time:  36.50
-------------------------------------------------------
                      Net Pay:     1031.12
=======================================================

Press any key to close this window . . .

Press C to close the window and return to your programming environment
To execute the project again, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging

When requested, type each of the following values and press Enter each time:

First Name:	Catherine
Last Name:	Busbey
Hourly Salary:	24.37
Monday	9.50
Tuesday:	8
Wednesday:	10.50
Thursday:	9
Friday:	10.50

FUN DEPARTMENT STORE
=======================================================
Payroll Preparation
-------------------------------------------------------
Enter the following pieces of information
-------------------------------------------------------
Employee Information
-------------------------------------------------------
First Name:    Catherine
Last Name:     Busbey
Hourly Salary: 24.37
-------------------------------------------------------
Time worked
-------------------------------------------------------
Monday:        9.5
Tuesday:       8
Wednesday:     10.5
Thursday:      9
Friday:        10.5
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
FUN DEPARTMENT STORE
=======================================================
Payroll Evaluation
=======================================================
Employee Information
-------------------------------------------------------
Full Name:     Catherine Busbey
Hourly Salary: 24.37
=======================================================
Time Worked Summary
--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------
 Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday
--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------
  9.50  |   8.00  |    10.50   |   9.00   |  10.50
========+=========+===========+==========+=============
                      Pay Summary
-------------------------------------------------------
                      Total Time:  47.50
-------------------------------------------------------
                      Net Pay:     1157.58
=======================================================

Press any key to close this window . . .

Press T to close the window and return to your programming environment

A Value Greater Than Another: >

To find out if one value is greater than the other, the operator to use is >. Its formula is:

value1 is > value2

Both operands, in this case value1 and value2, can be variables or the left operand can be a variable while the right operand is a constant. If the value on the left of the > operator is greater than the value on the right side or a constant, the comparison produces a True. Otherwise, the comparison renders False. This operation can be illustrated as follows:

Greater Than

Practical Learning: Finding Out Whether a Value is Greater Than Another

Change the document as follows:

using static System.Console;

WriteLine("FUN DEPARTMENT STORE");
WriteLine("=======================================================");
WriteLine("Payroll Preparation");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine("Enter the following pieces of information");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine("Employee Information");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
Write("First Name:    ");
string firstName = ReadLine();
Write("Last Name:     ");
string lastName = ReadLine();
Write("Hourly Salary: ");
double hSalary = double.Parse(ReadLine());
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine("Time worked");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");

Write("Monday:        ");
double mon = double.Parse(ReadLine());

Write("Tuesday:       ");
double tue = double.Parse(ReadLine());

Write("Wednesday:     ");
double wed = double.Parse(ReadLine());

Write("Thursday:      ");
double thu = double.Parse(ReadLine());

Write("Friday:        ");
double fri = double.Parse(ReadLine());

double timeWorked = mon + tue + wed + thu + fri;

double regTime  = timeWorked;
double overtime = 0.00;
double overPay  = 0.00;
double regPay   = hSalary * timeWorked;
        
if(timeWorked is > 40.00)
{
    regTime  = 40.00;
    regPay   = hSalary * 40.00;
    overtime = timeWorked - 40.00;
    overPay  = hSalary * 1.50 * overtime;
}

double netPay = regPay + overPay;

WriteLine("+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+");
WriteLine("FUN DEPARTMENT STORE");
WriteLine("=======================================================");
WriteLine("Payroll Evaluation");
WriteLine("=======================================================");
WriteLine("Employee Information");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine($"Full Name:     {firstName} {lastName}");
WriteLine($"Hourly Salary: {hSalary:f}");
WriteLine("=======================================================");
WriteLine("Time Worked Summary");
WriteLine("--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------");
WriteLine(" Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday");
WriteLine("--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------");
WriteLine($"  {mon:f}  |   {tue:f}  |    {wed:f}   |   {thu:f}   |  {fri:f}");
WriteLine("========+=========+===========+==========+=============");
WriteLine("                                    Pay Summary");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine("                                   Time   Pay");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine($"                     Regular:    {regTime:f}   {regPay:f}");
WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------------");
WriteLine($"                     Overtime:    {overtime:f}   {overPay:f}");
WriteLine("=======================================================");
WriteLine($"                     Net Pay:            {netPay:f}");
WriteLine("=======================================================");

To execute the project, press Ctrl + F5

When requested, type the values like in the first example of the previous section and press Enter each time:

FUN DEPARTMENT STORE
=======================================================
Payroll Preparation
-------------------------------------------------------
Enter the following pieces of information
-------------------------------------------------------
Employee Information
-------------------------------------------------------
First Name:    Michael
Last Name:     Carlock
Hourly Salary: 28.25
-------------------------------------------------------
Time worked
-------------------------------------------------------
Monday:        7
Tuesday:       8
Wednesday:     6.5
Thursday:      8.5
Friday:        6.5
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
FUN DEPARTMENT STORE
=======================================================
Payroll Evaluation
=======================================================
Employee Information
-------------------------------------------------------
Full Name:     Michael Carlock
Hourly Salary: 28.25
=======================================================
Time Worked Summary
--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------
 Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday
--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------
  7.00  |   8.00  |    6.50   |   8.50   |  6.50
========+=========+===========+==========+=============
                                    Pay Summary
-------------------------------------------------------
                                   Time   Pay
-------------------------------------------------------
                     Regular:    36.50   1031.12
-------------------------------------------------------
                     Overtime:    0.00   0.00
=======================================================
                     Net Pay:            1031.12
=======================================================

Press any key to close this window . . .

Press R to close the window and return to your programming environment
Press Ctrl + F5 to execute again

Type the values as in the second example of the previous section and press Enter after each value:

FUN DEPARTMENT STORE
=======================================================
Payroll Preparation
-------------------------------------------------------
Enter the following pieces of information
-------------------------------------------------------
Employee Information
-------------------------------------------------------
First Name:    Catherine
Last Name:     Busbey
Hourly Salary: 24.37
-------------------------------------------------------
Time worked
-------------------------------------------------------
Monday:        9.5
Tuesday:       8
Wednesday:     10.5
Thursday:      9
Friday:        10.5
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
FUN DEPARTMENT STORE
=======================================================
Payroll Evaluation
=======================================================
Employee Information
-------------------------------------------------------
Full Name:     Catherine Busbey
Hourly Salary: 24.37
=======================================================
Time Worked Summary
--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------
 Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday
--------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------
  9.50  |   8.00  |    10.50   |   9.00   |  10.50
========+=========+===========+==========+=============
                                    Pay Summary
-------------------------------------------------------
                                   Time   Pay
-------------------------------------------------------
                     Regular:    40.00   974.80
-------------------------------------------------------
                     Overtime:    7.50   274.16
=======================================================
                     Net Pay:            1248.96
=======================================================

Press any key to close this window . . .

Press D to close the window and return to your programming environment
Close your programming environment


Previous	Copyright © 2001-2022, FunctionX	Monday 06 December 2021	Next