Common Operations on Arrays
Common Operations on Arrays
Routine List-Based Operations on Arrays
Introduction
As mentioned in previous lessons, an array is a list of items. To help you manage those items, the .NET Framework provides the Array class. That class is equipped with methods to perform various types of operations on arrays.
To create an array, you can use either the Array class or the array techniques in the C# language.
Practical Learning: Introducing Arrays and Classes
namespace CountriesStatistics4
{
internal interface IAbbreviated
{
string ?Abbreviation { get; set; }
}
}namespace CountriesStatistics4
{
internal interface IGovernmentEntity
{
string ?Name { get; set; }
int Area { get; }
string ?Capital { get; set; }
}
}namespace CountriesStatistics4
{
internal record Region
{
public string ? Designation { get; set; }
public string ? Description { get; set; }
}
}namespace CountriesStatistics4
{
internal class State : IGovernmentEntity, IAbbreviated
{
// From the IAbbreviated interface
public string ? Abbreviation { get; set; }
// From the IGovernmentEntity interface
public string ? Name { get; set; }
public int Area { get; set; }
public string ? Capital { get; set; }
// New Properties
public string ? StateName => Name;
public int AreaSqrMiles => Area;
public int AreaSqrKms { get; set; }
public Region ? Region { get; set; }
public override bool Equals(object? obj)
{
State stt = (State)obj!;
if (stt.Name == Name)
return true;
return false;
}
public override int GetHashCode()
{
return base.GetHashCode();
}
}
}namespace CountriesStatistics4
{
internal class Federation : State
{
public int AdmissionUnionOrder { get; set; }
}
}using static System.Console; using CountriesStatistics4; Federation[] states = new Federation[30]; Region[] regions = new Region[9]; regions[0] = new Region() { Designation = "East North Central", Description = "The East North Central region includes the states around the Great Lakes." }; regions[1] = new Region() { Designation = "East South Central", Description = "The East South Central portion is one of the regions designated as the South." }; regions[2] = new Region() { Designation = "New England", Description = "New England is the group of states in the North-East region. It is delimited in the North and North-East by Canada, in the East by the Atlantic Ocean, and in the South and West by the New York state." }; regions[3] = new Region() { Designation = "Mid-Atlantic", Description = "Mid-Atlantic is a region situated in the south of New England. Mid-Atlantic is one of the regions defined by the Census bureau for statistical purposes." }; regions[4] = new Region() { Designation = "Mountain", Description = "Like the name suggests, the Mountain region covers states known for their mountaneous characteristics. They are also covered by desertic areas." }; regions[5] = new Region() { Designation = "Pacific", Description = "The Pacific region covers the costal western states plus the two non-continental states of Alaska and the Hawaiian islands. All states in this region have a coast on the Pacific Ocean." }; regions[6] = new Region() { Designation = "South Atlantic", Description = "The South Atlantic region includes the states in the South-East part but also counts the Disctrict of Columbia." }; regions[7] = new Region() { Designation = "West North Central", Description = "The West North Central region includes the states in the Great Planes area. This reqion is divided from the East North Central part by the Mississippi River. This region is characterized by vast agricultural farms and high employment." }; regions[8] = new Region() { Designation = "West South Central", Description = "The West South Central part is one of the regions with (only) four states. The imposing Texas state is both the largest and the most populous state in the region." }; states[0] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "RI", Name = "Rhode Island ", Area = 1545, AreaSqrKms = 4002, AdmissionUnionOrder = 13, Capital = "Providence ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(2))! }; states[1] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "OH", Name = "Ohio ", Area = 44828, AreaSqrKms = 116103, AdmissionUnionOrder = 17, Capital = "Columbus ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(0))! }; states[2] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "KY", Name = "Kentucky ", Area = 40411, AreaSqrKms = 104665, AdmissionUnionOrder = 15, Capital = "Frankfort ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(1))! }; states[3] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "IA", Name = "Iowa ", Area = 56276, AreaSqrKms = 145754, AdmissionUnionOrder = 29, Capital = "Des Moines ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(7))! }; states[4] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "WI", Name = "Wisconsin ", Area = 65503, AreaSqrKms = 169653, AdmissionUnionOrder = 30, Capital = "Madison ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(0))! }; states[5] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "VT", Name = "Vermont ", Area = 9615, AreaSqrKms = 24903, AdmissionUnionOrder = 14, Capital = "Montpelier ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(2))! }; states[6] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "ID", Name = "Idaho ", Area = 83574, AreaSqrKms = 216456, AdmissionUnionOrder = 43, Capital = "Boise ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(4))! }; states[7] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "ME", Name = "Maine ", Area = 35387, AreaSqrKms = 91653, AdmissionUnionOrder = 23, Capital = "Augusta ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(2))! }; states[8] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "OR", Name = "Oregon ", Area = 98386, AreaSqrKms = 254819, AdmissionUnionOrder = 33, Capital = "Salem ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(5))! }; states[9] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "ND", Name = "North Dakota ", Area = 70704, AreaSqrKms = 183123, AdmissionUnionOrder = 39, Capital = "Bismarck ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(7))! }; states[10] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "IN", Name = "Indiana ", Area = 36420, AreaSqrKms = 94328, AdmissionUnionOrder = 19, Capital = "Indianapolis ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(0))! }; states[11] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "MS", Name = "Mississippi ", Area = 48434, AreaSqrKms = 125443, AdmissionUnionOrder = 20, Capital = "Jackson ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(1))! }; states[12] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "TX", Name = "Texas ", Area = 268601, AreaSqrKms = 695676, AdmissionUnionOrder = 28, Capital = "Austin ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(8))! }; states[13] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "MT", Name = "Montana ", Area = 147046, AreaSqrKms = 380850, AdmissionUnionOrder = 41, Capital = "Helena ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(4))! }; states[14] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NC", Name = "North Carolina", Area = 53821, AreaSqrKms = 139397, AdmissionUnionOrder = 12, Capital = "Raleigh ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(6))! }; states[15] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "TN", Name = "Tennessee ", Area = 42146, AreaSqrKms = 109158, AdmissionUnionOrder = 16, Capital = "Nashville ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(1))! }; states[16] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NE", Name = "Nebraska ", Area = 77358, AreaSqrKms = 200358, AdmissionUnionOrder = 37, Capital = "Lincoln ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(7))! }; states[17] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "IL", Name = "Illinois ", Area = 57918, AreaSqrKms = 150007, AdmissionUnionOrder = 21, Capital = "Springfield ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(0))! }; states[18] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "KS", Name = "Kansas ", Area = 82282, AreaSqrKms = 213110, AdmissionUnionOrder = 34, Capital = "Topeka ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(7))! }; states[19] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NH", Name = "New Hampshire ", Area = 9351, AreaSqrKms = 24219, AdmissionUnionOrder = 9, Capital = "Concord ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(2))! }; states[20] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "DE", Name = "Delaware ", Area = 2489, AreaSqrKms = 6447, AdmissionUnionOrder = 1, Capital = "Dover ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(6))! }; states[21] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NJ", Name = "New Jersey ", Area = 8722, AreaSqrKms = 22590, AdmissionUnionOrder = 3, Capital = "Trenton ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(3))! }; states[22] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "AK", Name = "Alaska ", Area = 656424, AreaSqrKms = 1700139, AdmissionUnionOrder = 49, Capital = "Juneau ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(5))! }; states[23] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NM", Name = "New Mexico ", Area = 121598, AreaSqrKms = 314939, AdmissionUnionOrder = 47, Capital = "Santa Fe ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(4))! }; states[24] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NY", Name = "New York ", Area = 54475, AreaSqrKms = 141089, AdmissionUnionOrder = 11, Capital = "Albany ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(3))! }; states[25] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "CA", Name = "California ", Area = 163707, AreaSqrKms = 424002, AdmissionUnionOrder = 31, Capital = "Sacramento ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(5))! }; states[26] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "MO", Name = "Missouri ", Area = 69709, AreaSqrKms = 180546, AdmissionUnionOrder = 24, Capital = "Jefferson City", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(7))! }; states[27] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "OK", Name = "Oklahoma ", Area = 69903, AreaSqrKms = 181049, AdmissionUnionOrder = 46, Capital = "Oklahoma City ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(8))! }; states[28] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "PA", Name = "Pennsylvania ", Area = 46058, AreaSqrKms = 119291, AdmissionUnionOrder = 2, Capital = "Harrisburg ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(3))! }; states[29] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "SC", Name = "South Carolina", Area = 32007, AreaSqrKms = 82898, AdmissionUnionOrder = 8, Capital = "Columbia ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(6))! }; WriteLine("Countries Statistics"); WriteLine("==============================================================================================================="); WriteLine(" # Abbrv State Name Area (Sqr Kms) Area (Sqr Ml) Adm to Fedrt (Order) Capital Region"); WriteLine("==============================================================================================================="); for (int counter = 0; counter <= states.Length - 1; counter++) { Federation stt = (Federation)states.GetValue(counter)!; WriteLine($" {(counter + 1),2} {stt.Abbreviation} {stt.StateName} {stt.AreaSqrMiles,8} {stt.AreaSqrKms,15} {stt.AdmissionUnionOrder,6} {stt.Capital} {stt.Region.Designation}"); WriteLine("---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"); }
Resizing an Array
By definition, an array is a fixed list. This means that, when creating an array, you specify the number of its elements, then you start adding values or objects to the array, but you cannot add items beyond the specified number. Sometimes in the real world, you may want to add items to an array without having to recreate the array. To assist you with this operation, the Array class includes a static method named Resize.
The Array.Resize() method takes two arguments. The first argument is passed by reference and is the name of the array you want to resize. The second argument is a constant integer that is the new size of the array. If the new size is lower than the length of the original array, a new array is created with that new size. This means that, to increase the size of an array, you should pass the second argument as the size of the original array + the number of new items you want to add.
Practical Learning: Resizing an Array
using System;
using static System.Console;
using CountriesStatistics4;
Federation[] states = new Federation[30];
Region[] regions = new Region[9];
regions[0] = new Region() { Designation = "East North Central", Description = "The East North Central region includes the states around the Great Lakes." };
regions[1] = new Region() { Designation = "East South Central", Description = "The East South Central portion is one of the regions designated as the South." };
regions[2] = new Region() { Designation = "New England", Description = "New England is the group of states in the North-East region. It is delimited in the North and North-East by Canada, in the East by the Atlantic Ocean, and in the South and West by the New York state." };
regions[3] = new Region() { Designation = "Mid-Atlantic", Description = "Mid-Atlantic is a region situated in the south of New England. Mid-Atlantic is one of the regions defined by the Census bureau for statistical purposes." };
regions[4] = new Region() { Designation = "Mountain", Description = "Like the name suggests, the Mountain region covers states known for their mountaneous characteristics. They are also covered by desertic areas." };
regions[5] = new Region() { Designation = "Pacific", Description = "The Pacific region covers the costal western states plus the two non-continental states of Alaska and the Hawaiian islands. All states in this region have a coast on the Pacific Ocean." };
regions[6] = new Region() { Designation = "South Atlantic", Description = "The South Atlantic region includes the states in the South-East part but also counts the Disctrict of Columbia." };
regions[7] = new Region() { Designation = "West North Central", Description = "The West North Central region includes the states in the Great Planes area. This reqion is divided from the East North Central part by the Mississippi River. This region is characterized by vast agricultural farms and high employment." };
regions[8] = new Region() { Designation = "West South Central", Description = "The West South Central part is one of the regions with (only) four states. The imposing Texas state is both the largest and the most populous state in the region." };
states[0] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "RI", Name = "Rhode Island ", Area = 1545, AreaSqrKms = 4002, AdmissionUnionOrder = 13, Capital = "Providence ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(2))! };
states[1] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "OH", Name = "Ohio ", Area = 44828, AreaSqrKms = 116103, AdmissionUnionOrder = 17, Capital = "Columbus ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(0))! };
states[2] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "KY", Name = "Kentucky ", Area = 40411, AreaSqrKms = 104665, AdmissionUnionOrder = 15, Capital = "Frankfort ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(1))! };
states[3] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "IA", Name = "Iowa ", Area = 56276, AreaSqrKms = 145754, AdmissionUnionOrder = 29, Capital = "Des Moines ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(7))! };
states[4] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "WI", Name = "Wisconsin ", Area = 65503, AreaSqrKms = 169653, AdmissionUnionOrder = 30, Capital = "Madison ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(0))! };
states[5] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "VT", Name = "Vermont ", Area = 9615, AreaSqrKms = 24903, AdmissionUnionOrder = 14, Capital = "Montpelier ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(2))! };
states[6] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "ID", Name = "Idaho ", Area = 83574, AreaSqrKms = 216456, AdmissionUnionOrder = 43, Capital = "Boise ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(4))! };
states[7] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "ME", Name = "Maine ", Area = 35387, AreaSqrKms = 91653, AdmissionUnionOrder = 23, Capital = "Augusta ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(2))! };
states[8] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "OR", Name = "Oregon ", Area = 98386, AreaSqrKms = 254819, AdmissionUnionOrder = 33, Capital = "Salem ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(5))! };
states[9] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "ND", Name = "North Dakota ", Area = 70704, AreaSqrKms = 183123, AdmissionUnionOrder = 39, Capital = "Bismarck ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(7))! };
states[10] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "IN", Name = "Indiana ", Area = 36420, AreaSqrKms = 94328, AdmissionUnionOrder = 19, Capital = "Indianapolis ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(0))! };
states[11] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "MS", Name = "Mississippi ", Area = 48434, AreaSqrKms = 125443, AdmissionUnionOrder = 20, Capital = "Jackson ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(1))! };
states[12] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "TX", Name = "Texas ", Area = 268601, AreaSqrKms = 695676, AdmissionUnionOrder = 28, Capital = "Austin ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(8))! };
states[13] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "MT", Name = "Montana ", Area = 147046, AreaSqrKms = 380850, AdmissionUnionOrder = 41, Capital = "Helena ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(4))! };
states[14] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NC", Name = "North Carolina", Area = 53821, AreaSqrKms = 139397, AdmissionUnionOrder = 12, Capital = "Raleigh ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(6))! };
states[15] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "TN", Name = "Tennessee ", Area = 42146, AreaSqrKms = 109158, AdmissionUnionOrder = 16, Capital = "Nashville ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(1))! };
states[16] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NE", Name = "Nebraska ", Area = 77358, AreaSqrKms = 200358, AdmissionUnionOrder = 37, Capital = "Lincoln ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(7))! };
states[17] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "IL", Name = "Illinois ", Area = 57918, AreaSqrKms = 150007, AdmissionUnionOrder = 21, Capital = "Springfield ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(0))! };
states[18] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "KS", Name = "Kansas ", Area = 82282, AreaSqrKms = 213110, AdmissionUnionOrder = 34, Capital = "Topeka ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(7))! };
states[19] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NH", Name = "New Hampshire ", Area = 9351, AreaSqrKms = 24219, AdmissionUnionOrder = 9, Capital = "Concord ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(2))! };
states[20] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "DE", Name = "Delaware ", Area = 2489, AreaSqrKms = 6447, AdmissionUnionOrder = 1, Capital = "Dover ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(6))! };
states[21] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NJ", Name = "New Jersey ", Area = 8722, AreaSqrKms = 22590, AdmissionUnionOrder = 3, Capital = "Trenton ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(3))! };
states[22] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "AK", Name = "Alaska ", Area = 656424, AreaSqrKms = 1700139, AdmissionUnionOrder = 49, Capital = "Juneau ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(5))! };
states[23] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NM", Name = "New Mexico ", Area = 121598, AreaSqrKms = 314939, AdmissionUnionOrder = 47, Capital = "Santa Fe ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(4))! };
states[24] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NY", Name = "New York ", Area = 54475, AreaSqrKms = 141089, AdmissionUnionOrder = 11, Capital = "Albany ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(3))! };
states[25] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "CA", Name = "California ", Area = 163707, AreaSqrKms = 424002, AdmissionUnionOrder = 31, Capital = "Sacramento ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(5))! };
states[26] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "MO", Name = "Missouri ", Area = 69709, AreaSqrKms = 180546, AdmissionUnionOrder = 24, Capital = "Jefferson City", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(7))! };
states[27] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "OK", Name = "Oklahoma ", Area = 69903, AreaSqrKms = 181049, AdmissionUnionOrder = 46, Capital = "Oklahoma City ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(8))! };
states[28] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "PA", Name = "Pennsylvania ", Area = 46058, AreaSqrKms = 119291, AdmissionUnionOrder = 2, Capital = "Harrisburg ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(3))! };
states[29] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "SC", Name = "South Carolina", Area = 32007, AreaSqrKms = 82898, AdmissionUnionOrder = 8, Capital = "Columbia ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(6))! };
Array.Resize(ref states, states.Length + 10);
states[30] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "WY", Name = "Wyoming ", Area = 97818, AreaSqrKms = 253349, AdmissionUnionOrder = 44, Capital = "Cheyenne ", Region = regions[4] };
states[31] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "SD", Name = "South Dakota ", Area = 77122, AreaSqrKms = 199745, AdmissionUnionOrder = 40, Capital = "Pierre ", Region = regions[7] };
states[32] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "UT", Name = "Utah ", Area = 84904, AreaSqrKms = 219902, AdmissionUnionOrder = 45, Capital = "Salt Lake City", Region = regions[4] };
states[33] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "AL", Name = "Alabama ", Area = 52423, AreaSqrKms = 135775, AdmissionUnionOrder = 22, Capital = "Montgomery ", Region = regions[1] };
states[34] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "VT", Name = "Vermont ", Area = 9615, AreaSqrKms = 24903, AdmissionUnionOrder = 14, Capital = "Montpelier ", Region = regions[2] };
states[35] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "AR", Name = "Arkansas ", Area = 53182, AreaSqrKms = 137742, AdmissionUnionOrder = 25, Capital = "Little Rock ", Region = regions[8] };
states[36] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "WA", Name = "Washington ", Area = 71303, AreaSqrKms = 184674, AdmissionUnionOrder = 42, Capital = "Olympia ", Region = regions[5] };
states[37] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "AZ", Name = "Arizona ", Area = 114006, AreaSqrKms = 295276, AdmissionUnionOrder = 48, Capital = "Phoenix ", Region = regions[4] };
states[38] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "WV", Name = "West Virginia ", Area = 24231, AreaSqrKms = 62759, AdmissionUnionOrder = 35, Capital = "Charleston ", Region = regions[6] };
states[39] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "LA", Name = "Louisiana ", Area = 51844, AreaSqrKms = 134275, AdmissionUnionOrder = 18, Capital = "Baton Rouge ", Region = regions[8] };
WriteLine("Countries Statistics");
WriteLine("===============================================================================================================");
WriteLine(" # Abbrv State Name Area (Sqr Kms) Area (Sqr Ml) Adm to Fedrt (Order) Capital Region");
WriteLine("===============================================================================================================");
for (int counter = 0; counter <= states.Length - 1; counter++)
{
Federation stt = (Federation)states.GetValue(counter)!;
WriteLine($" {(counter + 1),2} {stt.Abbreviation} {stt.StateName} {stt.AreaSqrMiles,8} {stt.AreaSqrKms,15} {stt.AdmissionUnionOrder,6} {stt.Capital} {stt.Region.Designation}");
WriteLine("---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------");
}Countries Statistics =============================================================================================================== # Abbrv State Name Area (Sqr Kms) Area (Sqr Ml) Adm to Fedrt (Order) Capital Region =============================================================================================================== 1 RI Rhode Island 1545 4002 13 Providence New England --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 OH Ohio 44828 116103 17 Columbus East North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 KY Kentucky 40411 104665 15 Frankfort East South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 IA Iowa 56276 145754 29 Des Moines West North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 WI Wisconsin 65503 169653 30 Madison East North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 VT Vermont 9615 24903 14 Montpelier New England --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 ID Idaho 83574 216456 43 Boise Mountain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 ME Maine 35387 91653 23 Augusta New England --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 OR Oregon 98386 254819 33 Salem Pacific --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 ND North Dakota 70704 183123 39 Bismarck West North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 IN Indiana 36420 94328 19 Indianapolis East North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 MS Mississippi 48434 125443 20 Jackson East South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 TX Texas 268601 695676 28 Austin West South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 MT Montana 147046 380850 41 Helena Mountain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 NC North Carolina 53821 139397 12 Raleigh South Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 TN Tennessee 42146 109158 16 Nashville East South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 NE Nebraska 77358 200358 37 Lincoln West North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 IL Illinois 57918 150007 21 Springfield East North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 KS Kansas 82282 213110 34 Topeka West North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 NH New Hampshire 9351 24219 9 Concord New England --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 DE Delaware 2489 6447 1 Dover South Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 NJ New Jersey 8722 22590 3 Trenton Mid-Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 AK Alaska 656424 1700139 49 Juneau Pacific --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 NM New Mexico 121598 314939 47 Santa Fe Mountain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 NY New York 54475 141089 11 Albany Mid-Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 CA California 163707 424002 31 Sacramento Pacific --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 MO Missouri 69709 180546 24 Jefferson City West North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 OK Oklahoma 69903 181049 46 Oklahoma City West South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 PA Pennsylvania 46058 119291 2 Harrisburg Mid-Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 SC South Carolina 32007 82898 8 Columbia South Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 WY Wyoming 97818 253349 44 Cheyenne Mountain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 SD South Dakota 77122 199745 40 Pierre West North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 UT Utah 84904 219902 45 Salt Lake City Mountain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 AL Alabama 52423 135775 22 Montgomery East South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 VT Vermont 9615 24903 14 Montpelier New England --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 AR Arkansas 53182 137742 25 Little Rock West South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 WA Washington 71303 184674 42 Olympia Pacific --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 AZ Arizona 114006 295276 48 Phoenix Mountain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 WV West Virginia 24231 62759 35 Charleston South Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 LA Louisiana 51844 134275 18 Baton Rouge West South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Press any key to close this window . . .
Copying an Array
Copying an array consists of assigning its values or objects to another array. To support this operation, the Array class provides various methods. The classic technique uses a method named Copy. It is overloaded in four versions for different scenarios. Two syntaxes of the method are:
public static void Copy (Array sourceArray, Array destinationArray, int length); public static void Copy (Array sourceArray, Array destinationArray, long length);
These versions take three arguments. The first argument is the source array. The second argument is the destination array. The last argument is the number of items that will be copied.
Practical Learning: Copying an Array
using static System.Console;
using CountriesStatistics4;
Federation[] states = new Federation[30];
Region[] regions = new Region[9];
regions[0] = new Region() { Designation = "East North Central", Description = "The East North Central region includes the states around the Great Lakes." };
regions[1] = new Region() { Designation = "East South Central", Description = "The East South Central portion is one of the regions designated as the South." };
regions[2] = new Region() { Designation = "New England", Description = "New England is the group of states in the North-East region. It is delimited in the North and North-East by Canada, in the East by the Atlantic Ocean, and in the South and West by the New York state." };
regions[3] = new Region() { Designation = "Mid-Atlantic", Description = "Mid-Atlantic is a region situated in the south of New England. Mid-Atlantic is one of the regions defined by the Census bureau for statistical purposes." };
regions[4] = new Region() { Designation = "Mountain", Description = "Like the name suggests, the Mountain region covers states known for their mountaneous characteristics. They are also covered by desertic areas." };
regions[5] = new Region() { Designation = "Pacific", Description = "The Pacific region covers the costal western states plus the two non-continental states of Alaska and the Hawaiian islands. All states in this region have a coast on the Pacific Ocean." };
regions[6] = new Region() { Designation = "South Atlantic", Description = "The South Atlantic region includes the states in the South-East part but also counts the Disctrict of Columbia." };
regions[7] = new Region() { Designation = "West North Central", Description = "The West North Central region includes the states in the Great Planes area. This reqion is divided from the East North Central part by the Mississippi River. This region is characterized by vast agricultural farms and high employment." };
regions[8] = new Region() { Designation = "West South Central", Description = "The West South Central part is one of the regions with (only) four states. The imposing Texas state is both the largest and the most populous state in the region." };
states[0] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "RI", Name = "Rhode Island ", Area = 1545, AreaSqrKms = 4002, AdmissionUnionOrder = 13, Capital = "Providence ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(2))! };
states[1] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "OH", Name = "Ohio ", Area = 44828, AreaSqrKms = 116103, AdmissionUnionOrder = 17, Capital = "Columbus ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(0))! };
states[2] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "KY", Name = "Kentucky ", Area = 40411, AreaSqrKms = 104665, AdmissionUnionOrder = 15, Capital = "Frankfort ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(1))! };
states[3] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "IA", Name = "Iowa ", Area = 56276, AreaSqrKms = 145754, AdmissionUnionOrder = 29, Capital = "Des Moines ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(7))! };
states[4] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "WI", Name = "Wisconsin ", Area = 65503, AreaSqrKms = 169653, AdmissionUnionOrder = 30, Capital = "Madison ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(0))! };
states[5] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "VT", Name = "Vermont ", Area = 9615, AreaSqrKms = 24903, AdmissionUnionOrder = 14, Capital = "Montpelier ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(2))! };
states[6] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "ID", Name = "Idaho ", Area = 83574, AreaSqrKms = 216456, AdmissionUnionOrder = 43, Capital = "Boise ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(4))! };
states[7] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "ME", Name = "Maine ", Area = 35387, AreaSqrKms = 91653, AdmissionUnionOrder = 23, Capital = "Augusta ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(2))! };
states[8] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "OR", Name = "Oregon ", Area = 98386, AreaSqrKms = 254819, AdmissionUnionOrder = 33, Capital = "Salem ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(5))! };
states[9] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "ND", Name = "North Dakota ", Area = 70704, AreaSqrKms = 183123, AdmissionUnionOrder = 39, Capital = "Bismarck ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(7))! };
states[10] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "IN", Name = "Indiana ", Area = 36420, AreaSqrKms = 94328, AdmissionUnionOrder = 19, Capital = "Indianapolis ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(0))! };
states[11] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "MS", Name = "Mississippi ", Area = 48434, AreaSqrKms = 125443, AdmissionUnionOrder = 20, Capital = "Jackson ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(1))! };
states[12] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "TX", Name = "Texas ", Area = 268601, AreaSqrKms = 695676, AdmissionUnionOrder = 28, Capital = "Austin ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(8))! };
states[13] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "MT", Name = "Montana ", Area = 147046, AreaSqrKms = 380850, AdmissionUnionOrder = 41, Capital = "Helena ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(4))! };
states[14] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NC", Name = "North Carolina", Area = 53821, AreaSqrKms = 139397, AdmissionUnionOrder = 12, Capital = "Raleigh ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(6))! };
states[15] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "TN", Name = "Tennessee ", Area = 42146, AreaSqrKms = 109158, AdmissionUnionOrder = 16, Capital = "Nashville ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(1))! };
states[16] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NE", Name = "Nebraska ", Area = 77358, AreaSqrKms = 200358, AdmissionUnionOrder = 37, Capital = "Lincoln ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(7))! };
states[17] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "IL", Name = "Illinois ", Area = 57918, AreaSqrKms = 150007, AdmissionUnionOrder = 21, Capital = "Springfield ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(0))! };
states[18] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "KS", Name = "Kansas ", Area = 82282, AreaSqrKms = 213110, AdmissionUnionOrder = 34, Capital = "Topeka ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(7))! };
states[19] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NH", Name = "New Hampshire ", Area = 9351, AreaSqrKms = 24219, AdmissionUnionOrder = 9, Capital = "Concord ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(2))! };
states[20] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "DE", Name = "Delaware ", Area = 2489, AreaSqrKms = 6447, AdmissionUnionOrder = 1, Capital = "Dover ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(6))! };
states[21] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NJ", Name = "New Jersey ", Area = 8722, AreaSqrKms = 22590, AdmissionUnionOrder = 3, Capital = "Trenton ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(3))! };
states[22] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "AK", Name = "Alaska ", Area = 656424, AreaSqrKms = 1700139, AdmissionUnionOrder = 49, Capital = "Juneau ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(5))! };
states[23] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NM", Name = "New Mexico ", Area = 121598, AreaSqrKms = 314939, AdmissionUnionOrder = 47, Capital = "Santa Fe ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(4))! };
states[24] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NY", Name = "New York ", Area = 54475, AreaSqrKms = 141089, AdmissionUnionOrder = 11, Capital = "Albany ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(3))! };
states[25] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "CA", Name = "California ", Area = 163707, AreaSqrKms = 424002, AdmissionUnionOrder = 31, Capital = "Sacramento ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(5))! };
states[26] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "MO", Name = "Missouri ", Area = 69709, AreaSqrKms = 180546, AdmissionUnionOrder = 24, Capital = "Jefferson City", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(7))! };
states[27] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "OK", Name = "Oklahoma ", Area = 69903, AreaSqrKms = 181049, AdmissionUnionOrder = 46, Capital = "Oklahoma City ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(8))! };
states[28] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "PA", Name = "Pennsylvania ", Area = 46058, AreaSqrKms = 119291, AdmissionUnionOrder = 2, Capital = "Harrisburg ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(3))! };
states[29] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "SC", Name = "South Carolina", Area = 32007, AreaSqrKms = 82898, AdmissionUnionOrder = 8, Capital = "Columbia ", Region = (Region)(regions.GetValue(6))! };
Array.Resize(ref states, states.Length + 10);
states[30] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "WY", Name = "Wyoming ", Area = 97818, AreaSqrKms = 253349, AdmissionUnionOrder = 44, Capital = "Cheyenne ", Region = regions[4] };
states[31] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "SD", Name = "South Dakota ", Area = 77122, AreaSqrKms = 199745, AdmissionUnionOrder = 40, Capital = "Pierre ", Region = regions[7] };
states[32] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "UT", Name = "Utah ", Area = 84904, AreaSqrKms = 219902, AdmissionUnionOrder = 45, Capital = "Salt Lake City", Region = regions[4] };
states[33] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "AL", Name = "Alabama ", Area = 52423, AreaSqrKms = 135775, AdmissionUnionOrder = 22, Capital = "Montgomery ", Region = regions[1] };
states[34] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "VT", Name = "Vermont ", Area = 9615, AreaSqrKms = 24903, AdmissionUnionOrder = 14, Capital = "Montpelier ", Region = regions[2] };
states[35] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "AR", Name = "Arkansas ", Area = 53182, AreaSqrKms = 137742, AdmissionUnionOrder = 25, Capital = "Little Rock ", Region = regions[8] };
states[36] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "WA", Name = "Washington ", Area = 71303, AreaSqrKms = 184674, AdmissionUnionOrder = 42, Capital = "Olympia ", Region = regions[5] };
states[37] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "AZ", Name = "Arizona ", Area = 114006, AreaSqrKms = 295276, AdmissionUnionOrder = 48, Capital = "Phoenix ", Region = regions[4] };
states[38] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "WV", Name = "West Virginia ", Area = 24231, AreaSqrKms = 62759, AdmissionUnionOrder = 35, Capital = "Charleston ", Region = regions[6] };
states[39] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "LA", Name = "Louisiana ", Area = 51844, AreaSqrKms = 134275, AdmissionUnionOrder = 18, Capital = "Baton Rouge ", Region = regions[8] };
Federation[] temporary = new Federation[states.Length + 10];
Array.Copy(states, temporary, states.Length);
states = temporary;
states[40] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "MA", Name = "Massachusetts ", Area = 10555, AreaSqrKms = 27337, AdmissionUnionOrder = 6, Capital = "Boston ", Region = regions[2] };
states[41] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "FL", Name = "Florida ", Area = 65758, AreaSqrKms = 170313, AdmissionUnionOrder = 27, Capital = "Tallahassee ", Region = regions[6] };
states[42] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "GA", Name = "Georgia ", Area = 59441, AreaSqrKms = 153953, AdmissionUnionOrder = 4, Capital = "Atlanta ", Region = regions[6] };
states[43] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "HI", Name = "Hawaii ", Area = 10932, AreaSqrKms = 28313, AdmissionUnionOrder = 50, Capital = "Honolulu ", Region = regions[5] };
states[44] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "MD", Name = "Maryland ", Area = 12407, AreaSqrKms = 32135, AdmissionUnionOrder = 7, Capital = "Annapolis ", Region = regions[6] };
states[45] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "CO", Name = "Colorado ", Area = 104100, AreaSqrKms = 269620, AdmissionUnionOrder = 38, Capital = "Denver ", Region = regions[4] };
states[46] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "MI", Name = "Michigan ", Area = 98810, AreaSqrKms = 250738, AdmissionUnionOrder = 26, Capital = "Lansing ", Region = regions[0] };
states[47] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "MN", Name = "Minnesota ", Area = 86943, AreaSqrKms = 225182, AdmissionUnionOrder = 32, Capital = "Saint Paul ", Region = regions[7] };
states[48] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "CT", Name = "Connecticut ", Area = 5544, AreaSqrKms = 14358, AdmissionUnionOrder = 5, Capital = "Hartford ", Region = regions[3] };
states[49] = new Federation() { Abbreviation = "NV", Name = "Nevada ", Area = 110567, AreaSqrKms = 286368, AdmissionUnionOrder = 36, Capital = "Frankfort ", Region = regions[4] };
WriteLine("Countries Statistics");
WriteLine("===============================================================================================================");
WriteLine(" # Abbrv State Name Area (Sqr Kms) Area (Sqr Ml) Adm to Fedrt (Order) Capital Region");
WriteLine("===============================================================================================================");
for (int counter = 0; counter <= states.Length - 1; counter++)
{
Federation stt = (Federation)states.GetValue(counter)!;
WriteLine($" {(counter + 1),2} {stt.Abbreviation} {stt.StateName} {stt.AreaSqrMiles,8} {stt.AreaSqrKms,15} {stt.AdmissionUnionOrder,6} {stt.Capital} {stt.Region.Designation}");
WriteLine("---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------");
}Countries Statistics =============================================================================================================== # Abbrv State Name Area (Sqr Kms) Area (Sqr Ml) Adm to Fedrt (Order) Capital Region =============================================================================================================== 1 RI Rhode Island 1545 4002 13 Providence New England --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 OH Ohio 44828 116103 17 Columbus East North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 KY Kentucky 40411 104665 15 Frankfort East South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 IA Iowa 56276 145754 29 Des Moines West North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 WI Wisconsin 65503 169653 30 Madison East North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 VT Vermont 9615 24903 14 Montpelier New England --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 ID Idaho 83574 216456 43 Boise Mountain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 ME Maine 35387 91653 23 Augusta New England --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 OR Oregon 98386 254819 33 Salem Pacific --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 ND North Dakota 70704 183123 39 Bismarck West North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 IN Indiana 36420 94328 19 Indianapolis East North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 MS Mississippi 48434 125443 20 Jackson East South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 TX Texas 268601 695676 28 Austin West South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 MT Montana 147046 380850 41 Helena Mountain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 NC North Carolina 53821 139397 12 Raleigh South Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 TN Tennessee 42146 109158 16 Nashville East South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 NE Nebraska 77358 200358 37 Lincoln West North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 IL Illinois 57918 150007 21 Springfield East North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 KS Kansas 82282 213110 34 Topeka West North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 NH New Hampshire 9351 24219 9 Concord New England --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 DE Delaware 2489 6447 1 Dover South Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 NJ New Jersey 8722 22590 3 Trenton Mid-Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 AK Alaska 656424 1700139 49 Juneau Pacific --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 NM New Mexico 121598 314939 47 Santa Fe Mountain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 NY New York 54475 141089 11 Albany Mid-Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 CA California 163707 424002 31 Sacramento Pacific --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 MO Missouri 69709 180546 24 Jefferson City West North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 OK Oklahoma 69903 181049 46 Oklahoma City West South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 PA Pennsylvania 46058 119291 2 Harrisburg Mid-Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 SC South Carolina 32007 82898 8 Columbia South Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 WY Wyoming 97818 253349 44 Cheyenne Mountain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 SD South Dakota 77122 199745 40 Pierre West North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 UT Utah 84904 219902 45 Salt Lake City Mountain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 AL Alabama 52423 135775 22 Montgomery East South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 VT Vermont 9615 24903 14 Montpelier New England --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 AR Arkansas 53182 137742 25 Little Rock West South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 WA Washington 71303 184674 42 Olympia Pacific --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 AZ Arizona 114006 295276 48 Phoenix Mountain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 WV West Virginia 24231 62759 35 Charleston South Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 LA Louisiana 51844 134275 18 Baton Rouge West South Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 MA Massachusetts 10555 27337 6 Boston New England --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 FL Florida 65758 170313 27 Tallahassee South Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 GA Georgia 59441 153953 4 Atlanta South Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 HI Hawaii 10932 28313 50 Honolulu Pacific --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 MD Maryland 12407 32135 7 Annapolis South Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 CO Colorado 104100 269620 38 Denver Mountain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 MI Michigan 98810 250738 26 Lansing East North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 MN Minnesota 86943 225182 32 Saint Paul West North Central --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 CT Connecticut 5544 14358 5 Hartford Mid-Atlantic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 NV Nevada 110567 286368 36 Frankfort Mountain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Press any key to close this window . . .
Finding an Item in an Array
The Array class provides various means of looking for, or locating, an element in an array.
To support binary search, the Array class is equipped with a method named BinarySearch that is overloaded in 8 versions. One of the versions uses the following syntax:
public static int BinarySearch(Array array, object value);
Before calling this method, you can sort the array. Here is an example of calling it:
using static System.Console;
const int length = 8;
double[] numbers = new double[length]
{
7628.937, 6.48, 574.9, 293749.064,
0.70257, 314.905, 80458.01, 28.07
};
WriteLine("Original List");
WriteLine("--------------------");
foreach (var number in numbers)
WriteLine("Number: {0}", number);
int index = Array.BinarySearch(numbers, 525);
WriteLine("The position of 525 is {0}", index);
WriteLine("==============================");
Array.Sort(numbers);
WriteLine("Sorted List");
WriteLine("-------------------");
foreach (var number in numbers)
WriteLine(string.Format("Number: {0}", number));
index = Array.BinarySearch(numbers, 525);
WriteLine("The position of 525 is {0}", index);
WriteLine("=================================");
This would produce:
Original List -------------------- Number: 7628.937 Number: 6.48 Number: 574.9 Number: 293749.064 Number: 0.70257 Number: 314.905 Number: 80458.01 Number: 28.07 The position of 525 is -3 ============================== Sorted List ------------------- Number: 0.70257 Number: 6.48 Number: 28.07 Number: 314.905 Number: 574.9 Number: 7628.937 Number: 80458.01 Number: 293749.064 The position of 525 is -5 ================================= Press any key to continue . . .
Locating the Index of an Element
One of the most routine operations you can perform on an array is to find out whether it contains this or that value. For example, if the array contains a certain member, you may want to retrieve the index of that member. To assist you with this, the Array class is equipped with a method named IndexOf() method that comes in various versions. To apply it on the type of array we have used so far, you can use the following syntax:
public static int IndexOf(Array array, object value);
This method visits each member of the array, looking for the value. Once it finds value in the array, it stops and returns the index where the first occurrence of value was found. If the Array.IndexOf() method finds the value in the array, it returns its position. Here is an example of calling it:
using static System.Console;
const int length = 8;
double[] numbers = new double[length]
{
7628.937, 6.48, 574.9, 293749.064,
0.70257, 314.905, 80458.01, 28.07
};
WriteLine("Original List");
WriteLine("--------------------");
foreach (var number in numbers)
WriteLine("Number: {0}", number);
int index = Array.IndexOf(numbers, 293749.064);
WriteLine("The index of 293749.064 is {0}", index);
WriteLine("==============================");
Array.Sort(numbers);
WriteLine("Sorted List");
WriteLine("-------------------");
foreach (var number in numbers)
WriteLine(string.Format("Number: {0}", number));
index = Array.IndexOf(numbers, 293749.064);
WriteLine(string.Format("The index of 293749.064 is {0}", index));
WriteLine("=================================");
This would produce:
Original List -------------------- Number: 7628.937 Number: 6.48 Number: 574.9 Number: 293749.064 Number: 0.70257 Number: 314.905 Number: 80458.01 Number: 28.07 The index of 293749.064 is 3 ============================== Sorted List ------------------- Number: 0.70257 Number: 6.48 Number: 28.07 Number: 314.905 Number: 574.9 Number: 7628.937 Number: 80458.01 Number: 293749.064 The index of 293749.064 is 7 ================================= Press any key to continue . . .
If the item is not found in the array, the method may return -1.
The IndexOf() method actually looks for the first occurrence of an item in an array. If you prefer to get the last occurrence of that item in the array, you can call the Array.LastIndexOf() method. It also is overloaded in three versions.
Sorting an Array
When accessing the members of an array, you may want them to be arranged in alphabetical, numerical, or chronological order. To assist you with re-arranging the elements in an array, the Array class is equipped with a method named Sort that is overloaded with as many versions as you can possibly need.
To arrange an array, you can call the following version of the Array.Sort() method:
public static void Sort(Array array);
This is a static method that takes as argument the name of the array you want to re-arrange. If your array is a list of primitive values, the sorting operation is automatic. Here is an example:
using static System.Console;
const int length = 8;
double[] numbers = new double[length]
{
7628.937, 6.48, 574.9, 293749.064,
0.70257, 314.905, 80458.01, 28.07
};
WriteLine("Original List");
WriteLine("--------------------");
foreach (var number in numbers)
WriteLine("Number: {0}", number);
WriteLine("=====================");
Array.Sort(numbers);
WriteLine("Sorted List");
WriteLine("-------------------");
foreach (var number in numbers)
WriteLine(string.Format("Number: {0}", number));
WriteLine("=================================");
This would produce:
Original List -------------------- Number: 7628.937 Number: 6.48 Number: 574.9 Number: 293749.064 Number: 0.70257 Number: 314.905 Number: 80458.01 Number: 28.07 ===================== Sorted List ------------------- Number: 0.70257 Number: 6.48 Number: 28.07 Number: 314.905 Number: 574.9 Number: 7628.937 Number: 80458.01 Number: 293749.064 ================================= Press any key to continue . . .
Notice that the numbers are arranged in in ascending order. In the same way, if the array is made of strings, you can call the Array.Sort() method to arrange the list in alphabetical order. If the array is made of dates, you can arrange them in chronological order.
If your array is a list of objects, the class that constitutes the array must implement the IComparable interface that we introduced already.
Reversing an Array
When you display the values of an array, they appear in the order they were added in the list. If you want, you can display the list from the last added item to the first added. To assist you with this operation, the Array class provides a method named Reverse. Its syntax is:
public static void Reverse(Array array);
This method neither arranges an array nor reverses a sorted array, It simply reverses whatever order the array holds. Here is an example of calling this method:
using static System.Console;
const int length = 8;
double[] numbers = new double[length]
{
7628.937, 6.48, 574.9, 293749.064,
0.70257, 314.905, 80458.01, 28.07
};
WriteLine("Original List");
WriteLine("--------------------");
foreach (var number in numbers)
WriteLine("Number: {0}", number);
int index = Array.IndexOf(numbers, 574.9);
WriteLine("The index of 574.9 is {0}", index);
WriteLine("==============================");
Array.Reverse(numbers);
WriteLine("Reversed List");
WriteLine("-------------------");
foreach (var number in numbers)
WriteLine(string.Format("Number: {0}", number));
index = Array.IndexOf(numbers, 574.9);
WriteLine(string.Format("The index of 574.9 is {0}", index));
WriteLine("=================================");
This would produce:
Original List -------------------- Number: 7628.937 Number: 6.48 Number: 574.9 Number: 293749.064 Number: 0.70257 Number: 314.905 Number: 80458.01 Number: 28.07 The index of 574.9 is 2 ============================== Reversed List ------------------- Number: 28.07 Number: 80458.01 Number: 314.905 Number: 0.70257 Number: 293749.064 Number: 574.9 Number: 6.48 Number: 7628.937 The index of 574.9 is 5 ================================= Press any key to continue . . .
In the same way, you can reverse
Removing Items from an Array
Deleting an Item From an Array
Deleting an item from an array consists of removing it from the list. The Array class allows you to delete one element or a range of items from an array. To support these operations, the class is equipped with a static method named Clear. Its syntax is:
public static void Clear(Array array, int index, int length);
The first argument of this method is the name of the array on which the operation is performed. The second argument is the index of the item where the deletion will occur or start. If that second index exists in the array, the third argument specifies the number of items to remove. If an item is deleted, it receives a default value. For example, if it is a number, it gets a 0 value.
If you want to delete just one item, provide its index as the second argument and 1 as the third. Here is an example:
using static System.Console;
const int length = 8;
double[] numbers = new double[length]
{
7628.937, 6.48, 574.9, 293749.064,
0.70257, 314.905, 80458.01, 28.07
};
WriteLine("Original List");
WriteLine("--------------------");
foreach (var number in numbers)
WriteLine("Number: {0}", number);
WriteLine("==============================");
Array.Clear(numbers, 2, 1);
WriteLine("Modified List of Items");
foreach (var number in numbers)
WriteLine(string.Format("Number: {0}", number));
WriteLine("=================================");
This would produce:
Original List -------------------- Number: 7628.937 Number: 6.48 Number: 574.9 Number: 293749.064 Number: 0.70257 Number: 314.905 Number: 80458.01 Number: 28.07 ============================== Modified List of Items Number: 7628.937 Number: 6.48 Number: 0 Number: 293749.064 Number: 0.70257 Number: 314.905 Number: 80458.01 Number: 28.07 ================================= Press any key to continue . . .
Deleting a Range of Items from an Array
To delete a range of items, pass the starting index as the second argument and pass the length of the range (the number of items to delete from the starting point) as the second argument. Here is an example:
using static System.Console;
const int length = 8;
double[] numbers = new double[length]
{
7628.937, 6.48, 574.9, 293749.064,
0.70257, 314.905, 80458.01, 28.07
};
WriteLine("Original List");
WriteLine("--------------------");
foreach (var number in numbers)
WriteLine("Number: {0}", number);
WriteLine("==============================");
Array.Clear(numbers, 2, 3);
WriteLine("Modified List of Items");
foreach (var number in numbers)
WriteLine(string.Format("Number: {0}", number));
WriteLine("=================================");
This would produce:
Original List -------------------- Number: 7628.937 Number: 6.48 Number: 574.9 Number: 293749.064 Number: 0.70257 Number: 314.905 Number: 80458.01 Number: 28.07 ============================== Modified List of Items Number: 7628.937 Number: 6.48 Number: 0 Number: 0 Number: 0 Number: 314.905 Number: 80458.01 Number: 28.07 ================================= Press any key to continue . . .
Clearing an Array
Clearing an array consists of deleting all of its elements and setting the count to 0. To do it, call the Array.Clear() method. Pass 0 as the second argument and the length of the array as the third argument. Here is an example:
using static System.Console;
const int length = 8;
double[] numbers = new double[length]
{
7628.937, 6.48, 574.9, 293749.064,
0.70257, 314.905, 80458.01, 28.07
};
WriteLine("Original List");
WriteLine("--------------------");
foreach (var number in numbers)
WriteLine("Number: {0}", number);
WriteLine("==============================");
Array.Clear(numbers, 0, numbers.Length);
WriteLine("Modified List of Items");
foreach (var number in numbers)
WriteLine(string.Format("Number: {0}", number));
WriteLine("=================================");
This would produce:
Original List -------------------- Number: 7628.937 Number: 6.48 Number: 574.9 Number: 293749.064 Number: 0.70257 Number: 314.905 Number: 80458.01 Number: 28.07 ============================== Modified List of Items Number: 0 Number: 0 Number: 0 Number: 0 Number: 0 Number: 0 Number: 0 Number: 0 ================================= Press any key to continue . . .
Multidimensional Arrays
Two-Dimensional Arrays
The Array class supports the creation of any of the types of arrays we saw in the previous lessons. We already know that a two-dimensional array was an array made of two lists:
var members = new string[List1Length, List2Length];
To create such an array using the Array class, you can use the following version of the Array.CreateInstance() method:
public static Array CreateInstance(Type elementType, int length1, int length2)
The first argument is the type of array you want to create. The second argument is the length of the first list. The third argument is the length of the second list. Here are examples of using it:
Array numbers = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(double), 6, 3); var names = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(string), 2, 4); dynamic distances = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(string), 5, 17);
To specify the values of a two-dimensional array, you can use the following version of the Array.SetValue() method:
public void SetValue(object value, int index1, int index2)
The first argument is the value you want to specify. The second argument is the index of the list. The second argument is the index of the element that is being added. Here is an example:
var members = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(string), 2, 4);
members.SetValue("Celeste", 0, 0); // 1st List - 1st Element
members.SetValue("Mathurin", 0, 1); // 1st List - 2nd Element
members.SetValue("Alex", 0, 2); // 1st List - 3rd Element
members.SetValue("Germain",0, 3); // 1st List - 4th Element
members.SetValue("Jeremy", 1, 0); // 2nd List - 1st Element
members.SetValue("Mathew", 1, 1); // 1st List - 2nd Element
members.SetValue("Anselme", 1, 2); // 1st List - 3rd Element
members.SetValue("Frederique", 1, 3); // 1st List - 4th Element
Just as mentioned for the one-dimensional array, you can use the square brackets to create the array but call the SetValue() method to specify the value of each element.
To access a member of a two-dimensional array created with the Array.SetValue() method, you use the following version of the Array.GetValue() method:
public object GetValue(int index1, int index2)
This method takes two arguments. The first argument is the index of the list where the desired member resides. The second argument is the index of the element itself. Here is an example:
using static System.Console;
var members = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(string), 2, 4);
members.SetValue("Celeste", 0, 0); // 1st List - 1st Element
members.SetValue("Mathurin", 0, 1); // 1st List - 2nd Element
members.SetValue("Alex", 0, 2); // 1st List - 3rd Element
members.SetValue("Germain", 0, 3); // 1st List - 4th Element
members.SetValue("Jeremy", 1, 0); // 2nd List - 1st Element
members.SetValue("Mathew", 1, 1); // 1st List - 2nd Element
members.SetValue("Anselme", 1, 2); // 1st List - 3rd Element
members.SetValue("Frederique", 1, 3);// 1st List - 4th Element
WriteLine("Member: {0}", members.GetValue(0, 2));
WriteLine("=================================");
This would produce:
Member: Alex ================================= Press any key to continue . . .
To access each member of the list, you can use two for loops. Use the first loop to access each list. Nest a second loop to it to access each member. To get the dimension of the main list, you can call the Array.GetLength() method and specify its argument as 0. For the internal loop, pass 1 as the argument to the Array.GetLength() method. Here is an example:
using static System.Console;
var members = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(string), 2, 4);
members.SetValue("Celeste", 0, 0); // 1st List - 1st Element
members.SetValue("Mathurin", 0, 1); // 1st List - 2nd Element
members.SetValue("Alex", 0, 2); // 1st List - 3rd Element
members.SetValue("Germain", 0, 3); // 1st List - 4th Element
members.SetValue("Jeremy", 1, 0); // 2nd List - 1st Element
members.SetValue("Mathew", 1, 1); // 1st List - 2nd Element
members.SetValue("Anselme", 1, 2); // 1st List - 3rd Element
members.SetValue("Frederique", 1, 3); // 1st List - 4th Element
for (int list = 0; list < members.GetLength(0); list++)
for (int counter = 0; counter < members.GetLength(1); counter++)
WriteLine("Member: {0}", members.GetValue(list, counter));
WriteLine("=================================");
This would produce:
Member: Celeste Member: Mathurin Member: Alex Member: Germain Member: Jeremy Member: Mathew Member: Anselme Member: Frederique ================================= Press any key to continue . . .
You can also use a foreach operator to access each member of the array. When using it, there is no need for a counter. Here is an example:
using static System.Console; Array members = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(string), 2, 4); members.SetValue("Celeste", 0, 0); // 1st List - 1st Element members.SetValue("Mathurin", 0, 1); // 1st List - 2nd Element members.SetValue("Alex", 0, 2); // 1st List - 3rd Element members.SetValue("Germain", 0, 3); // 1st List - 4th Element members.SetValue("Jeremy", 1, 0); // 2nd List - 1st Element members.SetValue("Mathew", 1, 1); // 1st List - 2nd Element members.SetValue("Anselme", 1, 2); // 1st List - 3rd Element members.SetValue("Frederique", 1, 3); // 1st List - 4th Element foreach (var member in members) WriteLine("Member: {0}", member); WriteLine("=================================");
Three-Dimensional Arrays
Instead of two dimensions, you may want to create a three-dimensional array. A 3-D array is an array that, if created with the square brackets, would use two commas. Here is an example:
double[,,] Number;
To create such an array using the Array class, you can use the following version of its CreateInstance() method:
public static Array CreateInstance(Type elementType, int length1, int length2, int length3)
Here is an example:
var number = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(double), 2, 3, 5);
To specify the value of each member of the three-dimensional array, you can call the following version of the Array.SetValue() method:
public void SetValue(Object value, int index1, int index2, int index3)
Here is an example:
var number = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(double), 2, 3, 5);
number.SetValue( 12.44, 0, 0, 0);
number.SetValue( 525.38, 0, 0, 1);
number.SetValue( -6.28, 0, 0, 2);
number.SetValue(2448.32, 0, 0, 3);
number.SetValue( 632.04, 0, 0, 4);
number.SetValue(-378.05, 0, 1, 0);
number.SetValue( 48.14, 0, 1, 1);
number.SetValue( 634.18, 0, 1, 2);
number.SetValue( 762.48, 0, 1, 3);
number.SetValue( 83.02, 0, 1, 4);
number.SetValue( 64.92, 0, 2, 0);
number.SetValue( -7.44, 0, 2, 1);
number.SetValue( 86.74, 0, 2, 2);
number.SetValue(-534.60, 0, 2, 3);
number.SetValue( 386.73, 0, 2, 4);
number.SetValue( 48.02, 1, 0, 0);
number.SetValue( 120.44, 1, 0, 1);
number.SetValue( 38.62, 1, 0, 2);
number.SetValue( 526.82, 1, 0, 3);
number.SetValue(1704.62, 1, 0, 4);
number.SetValue( 56.85, 1, 1, 0);
number.SetValue(105.48, 1, 1, 1);
number.SetValue( 363.31, 1, 1, 2);
number.SetValue( 172.62, 1, 1, 3);
number.SetValue( 128.48, 1, 1, 4);
number.SetValue( 906.68, 1, 2, 0);
number.SetValue( 47.12, 1, 2, 1);
number.SetValue(-166.07, 1, 2, 2);
number.SetValue(4444.26, 1, 2, 3);
number.SetValue( 408.62, 1, 2, 4);
To get the value of each member of the three-dimensional array, you can call the following version of the Array.GetValue() method:
public Object GetValue(int index1, int index2, int index3)
Here is an example:
using static System.Console; var number = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(double), 2, 3, 5); number.SetValue( 12.44, 0, 0, 0); number.SetValue( 525.38, 0, 0, 1); number.SetValue( -6.28, 0, 0, 2); number.SetValue(2448.32, 0, 0, 3); number.SetValue( 632.04, 0, 0, 4); number.SetValue(-378.05, 0, 1, 0); number.SetValue( 48.14, 0, 1, 1); number.SetValue( 634.18, 0, 1, 2); number.SetValue( 762.48, 0, 1, 3); number.SetValue( 83.02, 0, 1, 4); number.SetValue( 64.92, 0, 2, 0); number.SetValue( -7.44, 0, 2, 1); number.SetValue( 86.74, 0, 2, 2); number.SetValue(-534.60, 0, 2, 3); number.SetValue( 386.73, 0, 2, 4); number.SetValue( 48.02, 1, 0, 0); number.SetValue( 120.44, 1, 0, 1); number.SetValue( 38.62, 1, 0, 2); number.SetValue( 526.82, 1, 0, 3); number.SetValue(1704.62, 1, 0, 4); number.SetValue( 56.85, 1, 1, 0); number.SetValue( 105.48, 1, 1, 1); number.SetValue( 363.31, 1, 1, 2); number.SetValue( 172.62, 1, 1, 3); number.SetValue( 128.48, 1, 1, 4); number.SetValue( 906.68, 1, 2, 0); number.SetValue( 47.12, 1, 2, 1); number.SetValue(-166.07, 1, 2, 2); number.SetValue(4444.26, 1, 2, 3); number.SetValue( 408.62, 1, 2, 4); WriteLine("Number: {0}", number.GetValue(0, 2, 4)); WriteLine("=================================");
This would produce:
Number: 386.73 ================================= Press any key to continue . . .
To access each member of the array, you can use three for loops. Here is an example:
using static System.Console; var number = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(double), 2, 3, 5); number.SetValue( 12.44, 0, 0, 0); number.SetValue( 525.38, 0, 0, 1); number.SetValue( -6.28, 0, 0, 2); number.SetValue(2448.32, 0, 0, 3); number.SetValue( 632.04, 0, 0, 4); number.SetValue(-378.05, 0, 1, 0); number.SetValue( 48.14, 0, 1, 1); number.SetValue( 634.18, 0, 1, 2); number.SetValue( 762.48, 0, 1, 3); number.SetValue( 83.02, 0, 1, 4); number.SetValue( 64.92, 0, 2, 0); number.SetValue( -7.44, 0, 2, 1); number.SetValue( 86.74, 0, 2, 2); number.SetValue(-534.60, 0, 2, 3); number.SetValue( 386.73, 0, 2, 4); number.SetValue( 48.02, 1, 0, 0); number.SetValue( 120.44, 1, 0, 1); number.SetValue( 38.62, 1, 0, 2); number.SetValue( 526.82, 1, 0, 3); number.SetValue(1704.62, 1, 0, 4); number.SetValue( 56.85, 1, 1, 0); number.SetValue( 105.48, 1, 1, 1); number.SetValue( 363.31, 1, 1, 2); number.SetValue( 172.62, 1, 1, 3); number.SetValue( 128.48, 1, 1, 4); number.SetValue( 906.68, 1, 2, 0); number.SetValue( 47.12, 1, 2, 1); number.SetValue(-166.07, 1, 2, 2); number.SetValue(4444.26, 1, 2, 3); number.SetValue( 408.62, 1, 2, 4); for (int m = 0; m < number.GetLength(0); m++) for (int n = 0; n < number.GetLength(1); n++) for (int element = 0; element < number.GetLength(2); element++) WriteLine("Number: {0}", number.GetValue(m, n, element)); WriteLine("=================================");
This would produce:
Number: 12.44 Number: 525.38 Number: -6.28 Number: 2448.32 Number: 632.04 Number: -378.05 Number: 48.14 Number: 634.18 Number: 762.48 Number: 83.02 Number: 64.92 Number: -7.44 Number: 86.74 Number: -534.6 Number: 386.73 Number: 48.02 Number: 120.44 Number: 38.62 Number: 526.82 Number: 1704.62 Number: 56.85 Number: 105.48 Number: 363.31 Number: 172.62 Number: 128.48 Number: 906.68 Number: 47.12 Number: -166.07 Number: 4444.26 Number: 408.62 ================================= Press any key to continue . . .
You can also use a foreach loop to access each member of the array. Here is an example:
using static System.Console; var number = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(double), 2, 3, 5); number.SetValue( 12.44, 0, 0, 0); number.SetValue( 525.38, 0, 0, 1); number.SetValue( -6.28, 0, 0, 2); number.SetValue(2448.32, 0, 0, 3); number.SetValue( 632.04, 0, 0, 4); number.SetValue(-378.05, 0, 1, 0); number.SetValue( 48.14, 0, 1, 1); number.SetValue( 634.18, 0, 1, 2); number.SetValue( 762.48, 0, 1, 3); number.SetValue( 83.02, 0, 1, 4); number.SetValue( 64.92, 0, 2, 0); number.SetValue( -7.44, 0, 2, 1); number.SetValue( 86.74, 0, 2, 2); number.SetValue(-534.60, 0, 2, 3); number.SetValue( 386.73, 0, 2, 4); number.SetValue( 48.02, 1, 0, 0); number.SetValue( 120.44, 1, 0, 1); number.SetValue( 38.62, 1, 0, 2); number.SetValue( 526.82, 1, 0, 3); number.SetValue(1704.62, 1, 0, 4); number.SetValue( 56.85, 1, 1, 0); number.SetValue( 105.48, 1, 1, 1); number.SetValue( 363.31, 1, 1, 2); number.SetValue( 172.62, 1, 1, 3); number.SetValue( 128.48, 1, 1, 4); number.SetValue( 906.68, 1, 2, 0); number.SetValue( 47.12, 1, 2, 1); number.SetValue(-166.07, 1, 2, 2); number.SetValue(4444.26, 1, 2, 3); number.SetValue( 408.62, 1, 2, 4); foreach (double nbr in number) WriteLine("Number: {0}", nbr); WriteLine("=================================");
Multidimensional Arrays
The Array class supports all dimensions of arrays beyond three. To create a multidimensional array, the class is equipped with the following version of its CreateInstance() method:
public static Array CreateInstance(Type elementType, params int[] lengths)
To add elements to the list, you can use the following equivalent version of the SetValue() method:
public void SetValue(object value, params int[] indices)
To get the value of an element, you would call the following version of the GetValue() method:
public Object GetValue(params int[] indices)
Getting Other Information About an Array
The Lower Bound of an Array
To better manage an array, the compiler must always be able to locate its highest and its lowest members. This is particularly important because an array must have a size.
The lowest member of an array can be located using the Array.GetLowerBound() method. Its syntax is:
public int GetLowerBound(int dimension);
The Upper Bound of an Array
The highest member of an array can be located using the Array.GetUpperBound() method. Its syntax is:
public int GetUpperBound(int dimension);
In both cases, the dimension argument is the rank of the array. For a single-dimensional array, as those we have always used so far, this parameter must have the value of 0.
Practical Learning: Ending the Lesson
|
|
|||
| Previous | Copyright © 2008-2023, FunctionX | Wednesday 13 October 2021 | Next |
|
|
|||