Introduction to Interfaces

Interfaces Fundamentals

Introduction

An interface is a structural layout that resembles a class but has the following characteristics:

• An interface presents a layout or design that classes and/or structures can follow to define their particular behaviors
• Like a class or a structure, an interface has methods and/or properties as members
• Unlike a class or a structure, an interface doesn't implement the methods and/or properties that are its members
• A new class or a structure can be derived from an interface. Since an interface presents a layout or design that classes and/or structures can follow, and since an interface doesn't implement any of its methods or properties, any class or structure that derives from an interface must implement all the members of the interface. As a result, a class or structure that is based on an interface is said to "implement" the interface as opposed to derive from the interface

Practical Learning: Introducing Interfaces

1. Start Microsoft Visual Studio. On the Visual Studio 2019 dialog box, click Create a New Project (if Microsoft Visual Studio was already opened, on the main menu, click File -> New Project...)
2. In the list of projects templates, click Windows Forms App (.NET Framework)
3. Click Next
4. Change the Name of the project to Geometry20
5. Press Enter

Creating an Interface

The basic formula to create an interface is:

[ access-modifier(s) ] interface name
{
    members
}

The access modifiers can be any of those we have seen in previous lessons (public, protected, internal, private, or protected internal). If you omit the access modifier, it is assumed to be public. To create an interface, you use the interface. This keyword is followed by the name of the interface. By tradition, the name of an interface starts with I. The section between the curly brackets is the body of the interface.

To create an interface, you can use a text editor such as Notepad, include your code, and save the file with .cs extension. If you are using Microsoft Visual Studio, to created an interface, on the main menu, click Project -> Add New Item... In the Add New Item dialog box, select Interface, give it a name and click Add.

Practical Learning: Creating an Interface

1. On the main menu, click Project -> Add New Item...
2. In the Add New Item dialog box, in the left list, click Code
3. In the middle list, click Interface
4. Set the Name as Polygon
5. Click Add
6. Change the document as follows:

   namespace Geometry20
   {
       public interface IPolygon
       {
       }
   }

Implementing an Interface

After creating an interface, to implement it, as mentioned in our introduction, create a class or a structure that derives from the interface.

interface IPolygon
{
}

public class Triangle : IPolygon
{
}

As with other classes, once you have the class, you can create objects from it and instantiate it using the new operator.

Practical Learning: Implementing an Interface

1. On the main menu, click Project -> Add Class...
2. Set the Name as Triangle
3. Click Add
4. Change the document as follows:

   namespace Geometry20
   {
       public class EquilateralTriangle : IPolygon
       {
       }
   }

Interfaces and Objects

Creating an Object from an Interface-Derived Class

After implementing an interface, you can create an object of a class that implements it. Here is an example from the the above class:

private void btnCreate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    EquilateralTriangle et = new EquilateralTriangle();
}

By using the name of the class to declare a variable, you can access any non-private member of the class.

Declaring a Variable of Interface Type

As seen for an abstract class, you cannot declare a variable of an interface and use it directly as you would a regular class. Instead, you can declare a variable by using the name of the interface but not allocate memory for the variable. Here is an example:

private void btnCreate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    IPolygon figure;
}

When allocating memory for the object using the new operator, you must use a class that implements that interface. Here is an example:

private void btnCreate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    IPolygon figure;

    figure = new EquilateralTriangle();
}

You can also declare the variable and allocate its memory on the same line. Here is an example:

private void btnCreate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    IPolygon figure = new EquilateralTriangle();
}

After that, you can use the object.

Introduction to the Members of an Interface

As mentioned earlier, the purpose of an interface is to create a skeleton for classes and/or structures. When creating an interface, in its body, create the necessary members. Unlike classes and structures, the following keywords are not allowed on the members of an interface: private, public, protected, internal, static, abstract, virtual, or override.

In the class or a structure that is based on the interface, you must implement the members of the interface. This means that you must create a definition for each member of the interface.

Interfaces and Properties

A Property in an Interface

An interface can contain one or more properties. If the property is intended to be read-only, create it using the formula we saw for automatic read-only properties, that is, without a body. Here is an example:

interface IPolygon
{
    double Area { get; }
}

When implementing the property, if it is a simple property that doesn't need to validate any value, you can simply apply the desired access level. Here is an example:

interface IPolygon
{
    double Area { get; }
}

public class Triangle : IPolygon
{
    public double Area { get; }
}

Otherwise, you can create a body for the property.

In the same way, if the property is intended to be write-only, in the body of the interface, create it and then implement it in a deriving class.

If a property is intended to be read-write, create it without its body in the interface. When implementing the property in a class, if it is a simple property, create it as an automatic property. If the property must validate its value, you can first create a private field and use it in the clauses of the property.

Practical Learning: Adding a Property to an Interface

1. Access the Polygon.cs file and change the interface as follows:

   namespace Geometry20
   {
       public interface IPolygon
       {
           int    Edges         { get;      }
           double Side          { get; set; }
           int    InternalAngle { get;      }
           double Perimeter     { get;      }
           double Area          { get;      }
       }
   }

2. Access the EquilateralTriangle.cs file and implement the properties as follows:

   using static System.Math;
   
   namespace Geometry20
   {
       public class EquilateralTriangle : IPolygon
       {
   		  public int Edges
           {
               get
               {
                   return 3;
               }
           }
   
           public double Side { get; set; }
   
           public int InternalAngle
           {
               get
               {
                   return 60;
               }
           }
   
           public double Perimeter
           {
               get
               {
                   return Side * Edges;
               }
           }
   
           public double Area
           {
               get
               {
                   return Side * Side * Sqrt(3.00) / 4.00;
               }
           }
       }
   }

3. Save the following picture somewhere on your computer:

   

4. In the Solution Explorer, right-click Form1.cs and click View Designer
5. Design the form as follows:

   

   Control	(Name)	Text	Other Properties
   PictureBox			Image: triangle2.png
   Label		Equilateral Triangle	Times New Roman, 24pt, style=Bold
   Label		___________________
   Label		Side:
   TextBox	txtSide		TextAlign: Right
   Button	btnCalculate	Calculate
   Label		___________________
   Label		Number of Edges:
   TextBox	txtEdges		TextAlign: Right
   Label		Internal Angle:
   TextBox	txtInternalAngle		TextAlign: Right
   Label		Degrees:
   Label		Perimeter:
   TextBox	txtPerimeter		TextAlign: Right
   Label		Area:
   TextBox	txtArea		TextAlign: Right

6. Double-click the Calculate button
7. Implement the events as follows:

   using System;
   using System.Windows.Forms;
   
   namespace Geometry20
   {
       public partial class Form1 : Form
       {
           public Form1()
           {
               InitializeComponent();
           }
   
           private void btnCalculate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
           {
               double measure = 0.00;
   
               try
               {
                   measure = Convert.ToDouble(txtSide.Text);
               }
               catch (FormatException)
               {
                   MessageBox.Show("Enter the value of the side.", "Geometry - Equilateral Triangle");
               }
   
               EquilateralTriangle et = new EquilateralTriangle();
   
               et.Side = measure;
   
               txtEdges.Text = et.Edges.ToString();
               txtInternalAngle.Text = et.InternalAngle.ToString();
               txtPerimeter.Text = et.Perimeter.ToString();
               txtArea.Text = et.Area.ToString();
           }
       }
   }

8. To execute the application to test the form, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging:

   

9. In the Side text box, type a number such as 336.97:

   

10. Click the Calculate button:

    

11. Close the form and return to your programming environment

A Property of an Interface Type

Imagine you create an interface as we did above. Here is an example:

using System.Drawing;

public interface IVehicle
{
    int   NumberOfTires { get; set; }
    int   NumberOfDoors { get; set; }
    Color MainColor     { get; set; }
}

You can create one or more classes that implement such an interface. Here are examples:

using System.Drawing;

public class Sedan : IVehicle
{
    public int    NumberOfTires { get; set; }
    public int    NumberOfDoors { get; set; }
    public int    NumberOfSeats { get; set; }
    public Color  MainColor     { get; set; }
    
    public string Make          { get; set; }
    public string Model         { get; set; }
    public int    Year          { get; set; }
}

A property of a class can be of the type of an interface. You primarily create the property like one that is based on a class. Here is an example:

using System;

public class RentalOrder
{
    // Rental Order #
    public int InvoiceNumber { get; set; }
    // The employee/clerk who processes/processed the rental order
    public string EmployeeeNumber { get; set; }
    // The vehicle that was rented
    
    public IVehicle Car { get; set; }
    
    public DateTime RentStartDate { get; set; }
    public DateTime RentEndDate { get; set; }
}

When it comes time to use an interface-type property, you may have to indicate where the values of the property come from. In fact, at one time, you may have to initialize the property. In order to do this, you should/can (must) use a class that implements the interface. Here are examples:

private void btnOrderProcessing_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    RentalOrder ro = new RentalOrder();

    ro.InvoiceNumber   = 100001;
    ro.EmployeeeNumber = "309-247";
    ro.RentStartDate   = new DateTime(2018, 8, 12);
    ro.RentEndDate     = new DateTime(2018, 8, 17);

    ro.Car = new Sedan();
}

From the interface-based property, you can access only the members of the interface. As a result, the following code would produce an error because you are trying to access a member of the class but that member is not part of the interface:

private void btnOrderProcessing_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    RentalOrder ro = new RentalOrder();

    ro.InvoiceNumber   = 100001;
    ro.EmployeeeNumber = "309-247";
    ro.RentStartDate   = new DateTime(2018, 8, 12);
    ro.RentEndDate     = new DateTime(2018, 8, 17);

    ro.Car = new Sedan();
    
    
    ro.Car.Make = "Ford";
}

Therefore, as mentioned already, remember that you can access only the members of the interface. Here are examples:

private void btnOrderProcessing_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    RentalOrder ro = new RentalOrder();

    ro.InvoiceNumber   = 100001;
    ro.EmployeeeNumber = "309-247";
    ro.RentStartDate   = new DateTime(2018, 8, 12);
    ro.RentEndDate     = new DateTime(2018, 8, 17);

    ro.Car.NumberOfTires = 4;
    ro.Car.NumberOfDoors = 4;
    ro.Car.NumberOfSeats = 5;
    ro.Car.MainColor     = Color.Silver;
}

Interfaces and Methods/Functions

A Method in an Interface

An interface can contain one or more methods. A method is created like an abstract method in an abstract class. That is, a method without a body. The formula to follow is:

return-type method-name();

Here is an example:

interface IPolygon
{
    double CalculatePerimeter();
}

In the same way, you can add as many methods as you want. In every class or structure that implements the interface, you must define each of the interface's method.

Practical Learning: Adding a Method to an Interface

1. Access the Polygon.cs file and change the interface as follows:

   namespace Geometry20
   {
       interface IPolygon
       {
           int    Edges         { get;      }
           double Side          { get; set; }
           int    InternalAngle { get;      }
           double Perimeter     { get;      }
           double Area          { get;      }
   
           double CalculateInscribedRadius();
           double CalculateCircumscribedRradius();
       }
   }

2. Access the Triangle.cs file and implement the method as follows:

   using static System.Math;
   
   namespace Geometry20
   {
       public class EquilateralTriangle : IPolygon
       {
           public int Edges
           {
               get
               {
                   return 3;
               }
           }
   
           public double Side { get; set; }
   
           public int InternalAngle
           {
               get
               {
                   return 60;
               }
           }
   
           public double Perimeter
           {
               get
               {
                   return Side * Edges;
               }
           }
   
           public double Area
           {
               get
               {
                   return Side * Side * Sqrt(3.00) / 4.00;
               }
           }
   
           public double CalculateInscribedRadius()
           {
               return Side * Sqrt(3.00) / 6.00;
           }
   
           public double CalculateCircumscribedRradius()
           {
               return Side * Sqrt(3.00);
           }
       }
   }

Interfaces and Constructors

An interface cannot contain a constructor. Instead, you can create one or more constructors in a class that implements the interface. From a constructor, you can access any of the members of the interface.

Imagine you declare a variable using the name of an interface. Here is an example:

private void btnCalculate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    double measure = Convert.ToDouble(txtSide.Text);
    IPolygon et = new Triangle(measure);
}

If you declare a variable using an interface, you can access only the members of the interface. The non-interface members of the class would not be available. As a result, the following code would produce an error:

private void btnCalculate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    double measure = Convert.ToDouble(txtSide.Text);
    IPolygon et = new Triangle(measure);

    txtEdges.Text = et.Edges.ToString();
    txtInternalAngle.Text = et.InternalAngle.ToString();
    txtInscribedRadius.Text = et.CalculateInscribedRadius().ToString();
    txtCircumscribedRadius.Text = et.CalculateCircumscribedRradius().ToString();
    txtPerimeter.Text = et.Perimeter.ToString();
    txtHeight.Text = et.Height.ToString();
    txtArea.Text = et.Area.ToString();
}

Practical Learning: Using a Class that Implements an Interface

1. Access the Triangle.cs file
2. Add a constructor and a new property as follows:

   using static System.Math;
   
   namespace Geometry20
   {
       public class EquilateralTriangle : IPolygon
       {
           public EquilateralTriangle(double edge)
           {
               Side = edge;
           }
   
           public int Edges
           {
               get
               {
                   return 3;
               }
           }
   
           public double Side { get; set; }
   
           public int InternalAngle
           {
               get
               {
                   return 60;
               }
           }
   
           public double Perimeter
           {
               get
               {
                   return Side * Edges;
               }
           }
   
           public double Area
           {
               get
               {
                   return Side * Side * Math.Sqrt(3.00) / 4.00;
               }
           }
   
           public double Height
           {
   	    	get
               {
   	        	return Side * Math.Sqrt(3.00) / 2.00;
               }
           }
   
           public double CalculateInscribedRadius()
           {
               return Side * Math.Sqrt(3.00) / 6.00;
           }
   
           public double CalculateCircumscribedRradius()
           {
               return Side * Math.Sqrt(3.00);
           }
       }
   }

3. Access the form and change its design as follows:

   

   Control	(Name)	Text	Other Properties
   Label		Inscribed Radius:
   TextBox	txtInscribedRadius		TextAlign: Right
   Label		Circumscribed Radius:
   TextBox	txtCircumscribedRadius		TextAlign: Right
   Label		Height:
   TextBox	txtHeight		TextAlign: Right

4. Double-click the Calculate button
5. Change the document as follows:

   using System;
   using System.Windows.Forms;
   
   namespace Geometry20
   {
       public partial class Geometry : Form
       {
           public Geometry()
           {
               InitializeComponent();
           }
   
           private void btnCalculate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
           {
               double measure = Convert.ToDouble(txtSide.Text);
               EquilateralTriangle et = new EquilateralTriangle(measure);
   
               txtEdges.Text = et.Edges.ToString();
               txtInternalAngle.Text = et.InternalAngle.ToString();
               txtInscribedRadius.Text = et.CalculateInscribedRadius().ToString();
               txtCircumscribedRadius.Text = et.CalculateCircumscribedRradius().ToString();
               txtPerimeter.Text = et.Perimeter.ToString();
               txtHeight.Text = et.Height.ToString();
               txtArea.Text = et.Area.ToString();
           }
   
           private void btnClose_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
           {
               Close();
           }
       }
   }

6. Execute the application to test the form:

   

7. In the Side text box, type a number such as 336.97

   

8. Click the Calculate button:

   

9. Close the form and return to your programming environment
10. Click the Triangle.cs tab and change its class as follows:

    using static System.Math;
    
    namespace Geometry20
    {
        public class EquilateralTriangle : IPolygon
        {
            public EquilateralTriangle(double edge) => Side = edge;
            
            public int Edges
            {
                get => 3;
            }
    
            public double Side { get; set; }
    
            public int InternalAngle
            {
                get => 60;
            }
    
            public double Perimeter
            {
                get => Side * Edges;
            }
    
            public double Area   => Side * Side * Sqrt(3.00) / 4.00;
            public double Height => Side * Sqrt(3.00) / 2.00;
    
            public double CalculateInscribedRadius()     => Side * Sqrt(3.00) / 6.00;
            public double CalculateCircumscribedRradius() => Side * Sqrt(3.00);
        }
    }

11. To make sure the code doesn't have an error, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging
12. Close the form and return to your programming environment
13. On the main menu, click File -> New Project...
14. In the list of projects templates, click Windows Forms App (.NET Framework)
15. Click Next
16. Change the project Name to Geometry21
17. Click Create
18. On the main menu, click Project -> Add New Item...
19. In the Add New Item dialog box, in the left list, click Code
20. In the middle list, click Interface
21. Change the Name to Polygon
22. Click Add
23. Change the document as follows:

    namespace Geometry21
    {
        interface IPolygon
        {
    		int    Edges         { get;      }
            double Side          { get; set; }
            int    InternalAngle { get;      }
            double Perimeter     { get;      }
            double Area          { get;      }
    
            double CalculateInscribedRadius();
            double CalculateCircumscribedRradius();
        }
    }

24. On the main menu, click Project -> Add Class...
25. Set the Name as Pentagon and click Add
26. Create the class as follows:

    using System;
    
    namespace Geometry21
    {
        public class Pentagon : IPolygon
        {
            public Pentagon(double edge)
            {
                Side = edge;
            }
    
            public int Edges
            {
                get
                {
                    return 5;
                }
            }
    
            public double Side { get; set; }
    
            public int InternalAngle
            {
                get
                {
                    return 108;
                }
            }
    
            public double Height
            {
                get
                {
                    // http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Pentagon.html
                    return Side * Math.Sqrt(5.00 + (2.00 * Math.Sqrt(5.00))) / 2.00;
                }
            }
    
            public double Perimeter
            {
                get
                {
                    return Side * Edges;
                }
            }
    
            public double Area
            {
                get
                {
                    return Side * Side * Math.Sqrt(5.00 * (5.00 + (2.00 * Math.Sqrt(5.00)))) / 4.00;
                }
            }
    
            public double CalculateInscribedRadius()
            {
                // http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Pentagon.html
                return Side * Math.Sqrt(25.00 + (10.00 * Math.Sqrt(5.00))) / 10.00;
                // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon
                // return Side / (2.00 * Math.Sqrt(5.00 - Math.Sqrt(20.00)));
            }
    
            public double CalculateCircumscribedRradius()
            {
                // http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Pentagon.html
                return Side * Math.Sqrt(50.00 + (10.00 * Math.Sqrt(5.00))) / 10.00;
            }
        }
    }

27. Save the following picture somewhere on your computer and return to your programming environment:

    

28. In the Solution Explorer, right-click Form1.cs and click View Designer
29. Design the form as follows:

    

    Control	(Name)	Text	Other Properties
    PictureBox			Image: pentagon.png
    Label		Geometry - Pentagon	Times New Roman, 24pt, style=Bold
    Label		___________________
    Label		Side:
    TextBox	txtSide		TextAlign: Right
    Button	btnCalculate	Calculate
    Label		___________________
    Label		Number of Edges:
    TextBox	txtEdges		TextAlign: Right
    Label		Internal Angle:
    TextBox	txtInternalAngle		TextAlign: Right
    Label		Degrees:
    Label		Inscribed Radius:
    TextBox	txtInscribedRadius		TextAlign: Right
    Label		Circumscribed Radius:
    TextBox	txtCircumscribedRadius		TextAlign: Right
    Label		Perimeter:
    TextBox	txtPerimeter		TextAlign: Right
    Label		Area:
    TextBox	txtArea		TextAlign: Right

30. Double-click the Calculate button
31. Right-click inside the Code Editor and click Remove and Sort Usings

Passing an Interface As Argument

A parameter of a method can be an interface type. In the body of such a method, you can access (only) the members of the interface. When calling the method, pass an object of the interface but that object should have been initialized with a class that implements the interface.

Practical Learning: Declaring a Variable of Interface Type

1. Implement the events as follows:

   using System;
   using System.Windows.Forms;
   
   namespace Geometry21
   {
       public partial class Form1 : Form
       {
           public Form1()
           {
               InitializeComponent();
           }
   
           void Display(IPolygon poly)
           {
               txtEdges.Text = poly.Edges.ToString();
               txtInternalAngle.Text = poly.InternalAngle.ToString();
               txtInscribedRadius.Text = poly.CalculateInscribedRadius().ToString();
               txtCircumscribedRadius.Text = poly.CalculateCircumscribedRradius().ToString();
               txtPerimeter.Text = poly.Perimeter.ToString();
               txtArea.Text = poly.Area.ToString();
           }
   
           private void btnCalculate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
           {
               try
               {
                   double measure = Convert.ToDouble(txtSide.Text);
                   IPolygon shape = new Pentagon(measure);
                   
                   Display(shape);
               }
               catch (FormatException)
               {
                   MessageBox.Show("Make sure you provide a valid value for the side of the shape.", "Geometry - Polygon - Pentagon");
               }
           }
       }
   }

2. To execute the application to test the form, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging:

   

3. In the Side text box, type a number such as 316.77:

   

4. Click the Calculate button:

   

5. Close the form and return to your programming environment

Returning an Interface

A method can return an object of an interface type. When creating the method, specify its return type as the desired interface. In the body of the method, remember that you cannot simply instantiate an interface and directly use it as you would an object of a class. As a result, you cannot directly return an object of an interface type. Instead, you can declare a variable of the desired interface, initialize it with a class that implements the interface and then return that variable.

Practical Learning: Returning an Interface

1. Change the code in the Geometry.cs file as follows:

   using System;
   using System.Windows.Forms;
   
   namespace Geometry21
   {
       public partial class Form1 : Form
       {
           public Form1()
           {
               InitializeComponent();
           }
   
           private void Display(IPolygon poly)
           {
               txtEdges.Text = poly.Edges.ToString();
               txtInternalAngle.Text = poly.InternalAngle.ToString();
               txtInscribedRadius.Text = poly.CalculateInscribedRadius().ToString();
               txtCircumscribedRadius.Text = poly.CalculateCircumscribedRradius().ToString();
               txtPerimeter.Text = poly.Perimeter.ToString();
               txtArea.Text = poly.Area.ToString();
           }
   
           IPolygon Create()
           {
               double measure = 0.00;
   
               try
               {
                   measure = Convert.ToDouble(txtSide.Text);
               }
               catch (FormatException)
               {
                   MessageBox.Show("Make sure you provide a valid value for the side of the shape.", "Geometry - Polygon - Pentagon");
               }
   
               IPolygon shape = new Pentagon(measure);
   
               return shape;
           }
   
           private void btnCalculate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
           {
               IPolygon shape = Create();
   
               Display(shape);
           }
       }
   }

2. To execute the application and make sure there are no mistakes, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging
3. Close the form and return to your programming environment

Interfaces and Inheritance

Inheriting an Interface

An interface can be derived from another interface (but an interface cannot derive from a class). Obviously the derived interface is supposed to add some behavior using methods and/or properties. Here is an example:

interface IPolygon
{
    double Side { get; set; }
    double Area { get; set; }
}

interface IPolyhedron : IPolygon
{
    double Volume { get; set; }
}

As you should know already that nothing is implemented in an interface, a member of the parent interface cannot be defined in a derived interface. Also, any class that needs the behavior(s) of the derived interface must implement all members of the derived interface and those of the parent interface(s). Here is an example:

interface IPolygon
{
    double Side { get; set; }
    double Area { get; set; }
}

interface IPolyhedron : IPolygon
{
    double Volume { get; set; }
}

public class Tetrahedron : IPolyhedron
{
    public double Side { get; set; }
    public double Area { get; set; }
    public double Volume { get; set; }
}

In the same way, an interface can inherit from an interface that itself inherits from another interface, and from another, and so on.

Implementing Many Interfaces

In a C# program, you cannot create a class that inherits from many classes at the same time. Instead, you can create a class that implements more than one interface. To create a class based on more than one interface, after the colon applied to the class, enter the name of each interface and separate them with commas. Here is an example:

interface IPolygon
{
    int    Edges         { get;      }
    double Side          { get; set; }
    double Perimeter     { get;      }
    double Area          { get;      }
}

interface IColorizer
{
    Color BorderColor { get; set; }
    Color BackgroundColor { get; set; }
}

public class Triangle : IPolygon, IColorizer
{
    public int Edges { get; }
    public double Side { get; set; }
    public double Perimeter { get; }
    public double Area { get; }

    public Color BorderColor { get; set; }
    public Color BackgroundColor { get; set; }
}

In the above example, we created a class that implements only two interfaces. You can create a class that implements as many interfaces as you want. Also, the same interface can be implemented differently in different classes.

Practical Learning: Ending the Lesson

• Close your programming environment