Introduction to Class Inheritance
Introduction to Class Inheritance
Introduction to Inheritance
Definition
Imagine you create a class used to process calculations for a circle. The class may appear as follows:
Module Exercise
Public Class Circle
Public Radius As Double
Public Function CalculateDiameter() As Double
Return Radius * 2
End Function
Public Function CalculateCircmuference() As Double
Return CalculateDiameter() * 3.14159
End Function
Public Function CalculateArea() As Double
Return Radius * Radius * 3.14159
End Function
End Class
Public Function Main() As Integer
Dim circ As Circle = New Circle
circ.Radius = 25.84
Console.WriteLine(" -=- Circle Characteristics -=-")
Console.WriteLine("Radius: {0} ", circ.Radius)
Console.WriteLine("Diameter: {0} ", circ.CalculateDiameter())
Console.WriteLine("Circmuference: {0} ", circ.CalculateCircmuference())
Console.WriteLine("Area: {0} " & vbCrLf, circ.CalculateArea())
Return 0
End Function
End Module
This would produce:
-=- Circle Characteristics -=- Radius: 25.55 Diameter: 51.1 Circmuference: 160.535249 Area: 2050.837805975
After creating this class, imagine you want to create another class used to process a sphere. You may start thinking of creating a new class and redefining the members similar to those that belong to the above Circle class. To make this easier, you may just select the code of the Circle class, copy it, and then paste it in your document. Fortunately, when a class hold a foundation that another class can use, you can create the new class that is based on the old one: this is the foundation of class inheritance, or simply called inheritance.
Inheritance is the process of creating a new class that is based on an existing class.
As you may have guessed, in order to implement inheritance, you must first have a class that provides the fundamental definition or behavior you need. There is nothing magical about such a class. It could appear exactly like any of the classes we have used so far.
The above Circle class is used to process a circle. It can request or provide a radius. It can also calculate the circumference and the area of a circle. Since a sphere is primarily a 3-dimensional circle, and if you have a class for a circle already, you can simply create your sphere class that uses the already implemented behavior of a circle class.
Creating a class that is based on another class is also referred to as deriving a class from another. The first class serves as parent or base. The class that is based on another class is also referred to as child or derived. To create a class based on another, you use the following formula:
Class Child
Inherits Parent
' Body of the new class
End Class
In this formula, you start with the Class keyword, followed by a name for your new class, followed by an end of line. On the next line, type the Inherits keyword, followed by the name of the class on which the new Child class would be based. Of course, the Parent class must have been defined; that is, the compiler must be able to find its definition. Based on the above formula, you can create a sphere class based on the earlier mentioned Circle class as follows:
Public Class Circle
End Class
Class Sphere
Inherits Circle
End Class
If you want to be able to access the class from other languages, you can precede its name with the Public keyword:
Public Class Circle
End Class
Public Class Sphere
Inherits Circle
End Class
Otherwise, if you intend to use it only in the current project, you can precede the Class of the class' name with the Private keyword.
Characteristics of Inheritance
After deriving a class, it becomes available and you can use it just as you would any other class. Here is an example:
Module Exercise
Public Function Main() As Integer
Dim ball As Sphere = New Sphere
Return 0
End Function
End Module
When a class is based on another class, all public members of the parent class are made available to the derived class that can use them as necessary. While other methods and classes can also use the public members of a class, the difference is that the derived class can call the public members of the parent as if they belonged to the derived class. That is, the child class doesn't have to "qualify" the public members of the parent class when these public members are used in the body of the derived class. This is illustrated in the following program:
Public Class Circle
Public Radius As Double
Public Function CalculateDiameter() As Double
Return Radius * 2
End Function
Public Function CalculateCircumference() As Double
Return CalculateDiameter() * 3.14159
End Function
End Class
Public Class Sphere
Inherits Circle
Public Sub ShowCharacteristics()
' Because Sphere is based on Circle, you can access
' any public member(s) of Circle without qualifying it(them)
Radius = 35.84
Console.WriteLine("Circle Characteristics")
Console.WriteLine("=======================================================")
Console.WriteLine("Radius: {0}", Radius)
Console.WriteLine("Diameter: {0}", CalculateDiameter())
Console.WriteLine("Circumference: {0}", CalculateCircumference())
Console.WriteLine("=======================================================")
End Sub
End Class
Module Exercise
Public Function Main() As Integer
Dim ball As Sphere = New Sphere
ball.ShowCharacteristics()
Return 0
End Function
End Module
This would produce:
Sphere Characteristics Radius: 35.84 Diameter: 71.68 Circumference: 225.1891712
Based on the relationship between a child class and its parent, you can use Me in the child to access the public members of the parent class. Here is an example:
Public Class Circle
Public Radius As Double
Public Function CalculateDiameter() As Double
Return Radius * 2
End Function
Public Function CalculateCircumference() As Double
Return CalculateDiameter() * 3.14159
End Function
End Class
Public Class Sphere
Inherits Circle
Public Sub ShowCharacteristics()
' Because Sphere is based on Circle, you can access
' any public member(s) of Circle without qualifying it(them)
Me.Radius = 35.84
Console.WriteLine("Circle Characteristics")
Console.WriteLine("=======================================================")
Console.WriteLine("Radius: {0}", Me.Radius)
Console.WriteLine("Diameter: {0}", Me.CalculateDiameter())
Console.WriteLine("Circumference: {0}", Me.CalculateCircumference())
Console.WriteLine("=======================================================")
End Sub
End Class
We mentioned that, when deriving a new class based on an existing one, all public members of the parent class are accessible to its child classes. In fact, those public members are also available to all other non-child classes and external procedures of the parent class. On the other hand, when creating a class, if you think that a certain member would not need to be accessed outside of the class, you should make it private by starting it with the Private keyword. Here is an example:
Public Class Circle
Public Radius As Double
Private Function ShowDescription()
Return "A circle is a round geometric shape constructed " & _
"so that all considered points of the shape are " & _
"at an equal distance from a common point called " & _
"the center. Also, two equally opposite points from " & _
"the center are at the exact same dictance from that center."
End Function
Public Function CalculateDiameter() As Double
Return Radius * 2
End Function
Public Function CalculateCircumference() As Double
Return CalculateDiameter() * 3.14159
End Function
End Class
After creating a class, its private members are not accessible to clients of the class, not even to the children of that class. If you attempt to access a private member of a class outside of that class, you would receive an error. That what would happen with the following program:
Public Class Circle
Public Radius As Double
Private Function ShowDescription()
Return "A circle is a round geometric shape constructed " & _
"so that all considered points of the shape are " & _
"at an equal distance from a common point called " & _
"the center. Also, two equally opposite points from " & _
"the center are at the exact same dictance from that center."
End Function
Public Function CalculateDiameter() As Double
Return Radius * 2
End Function
Public Function CalculateCircumference() As Double
Return CalculateDiameter() * 3.14159
End Function
End Class
Public Class Sphere
Inherits Circle
Public Sub ShowCharacteristics()
' Because Sphere is based on Circle, you can access
' any public member(s) of Circle without qualifying it(them)
Me.Radius = 35.84
Console.WriteLine("Circle Characteristics")
Console.WriteLine("=======================================================")
Console.WriteLine("Description: {0}", ShowDescription())
Console.WriteLine("Radius: {0}", Me.Radius)
Console.WriteLine("Diameter: {0}", Me.CalculateDiameter())
Console.WriteLine("Circumference: {0}", Me.CalculateCircumference())
Console.WriteLine("=======================================================")
End Sub
End Class
When creating a class that would be used as the base of other classes, in some cases, you may want to create a special relationship among a class and its eventual children. For example, you may want to create some members of the parent class that only its derived class can access. These types of members must be created with the Protected keyword. Here is an example:
Public Class Circle
Protected Radius As Double
Private Function ShowDescription()
Return "A circle is a round geometric shape constructed " & _
"so that all considered points of the shape are " & _
"at an equal distance from a common point called " & _
"the center. Also, two equally opposite points from " & _
"the center are at the exact same dictance from that center."
End Function
Public Function CalculateDiameter() As Double
Return Radius * 2
End Function
Public Function CalculateCircumference() As Double
Return CalculateDiameter() * 3.14159
End Function
End Class
Not just the member variables but you can also create methods as protected as long as you intend it only for the class and its children. Remember that a protected member cannot be accessed by the clients of the class, only by the class itself and its children.
When accessing the protected members of a class from its children, you can use Me to locate those members: Me gives you access to non-Shared public and protected members of both the parent(s) and its class. Here is an example:
Public Class Circle
Protected Radius As Double
Protected Function ShowDescription()
Return "A circle is a round geometric shape constructed " & _
"so that all considered points of the shape are " & _
"at an equal distance from a common point called " & _
"the center. Also, two equally opposite points from " & _
"the center are at the exact same dictance from that center."
End Function
Public Function CalculateDiameter() As Double
Return Radius * 2
End Function
Public Function CalculateCircumference() As Double
Return CalculateDiameter() * 3.14159
End Function
End Class
Public Class Sphere
Inherits Circle
Public Sub ShowCharacteristics()
' Because Sphere is based on Circle, you can access
' any public member(s) of Circle without qualifying it(them)
Me.Radius = 35.84
Console.WriteLine("Circle Characteristics")
Console.WriteLine("=======================================================")
Console.WriteLine("Description: {0}", Me.ShowDescription())
Console.WriteLine("-=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=-")
Console.WriteLine("Radius: {0}", Me.Radius)
Console.WriteLine("Diameter: {0}", Me.CalculateDiameter())
Console.WriteLine("Circumference: {0}", Me.CalculateCircumference())
Console.WriteLine("=======================================================")
End Sub
End Class
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