ADO.NET and Visual Basic .NET: Introduction to Lists

	Introduction to Lists

Lists Fundamentals

Introduction

Many of the things we use in our daily life are presented as lists. Examples are a list of the types of vitamin to take, a list of assignments to perform, a list of family members, a list of keys on the computer keyboards, etc. This means that lists are an important part of our life. Lists are also very important in businesses of any kinds. Examples are a list of employees, a list of customers, a list of items to stock, a list of items to sell, etc.

In C++, a list is primarily created as an array. For example, suppose your customer owns a department store and wants you to create a program that can be used to manage it. You can start by making a list of items that are sold in the store. The list can be made of the following items:

Women Coat
Men Jacket
Teen Jeans
Women Bathing Suit
Children Playground Dress

After creating such a list, you can store it in a String-based array. Here is an example:

Store Items

Women Coat

Men Jacket

Teen Jeans

Women Bathing Suit

Children Playground Dress

Structured Lists

The above type of list is referred to as a single-dimensional. When it comes to formal lists, the above type is less common and it may not be very practical. For example, it defines only a simple list of items and doesn't provide any more information. One way you can enhance it is to add more information to each item. For example, you could add the price of each item in its string. Here is an example:

Store Items

Women Coat 225.55

Men Jacket 175.75

Teen Jeans 24.50

Women Bathing Suit 34.65

Children Playground Dress 75.05

Instead of solving the problem, this new list makes it confusing. A better solution is to create a separate list for the prices:

Store Item	Items Prices
Women Coat	225.55
Men Jacket	175.75
Teen Jeans	24.50
Women Bathing Suit	34.65
Children Playground Dress	75.05

This time, to process an item, you can find a way to connect the first list to the second. Although this would work, it may bring its own set of issues. For example, you may remember to keep track of the index of each item in the list and find the index of its corresponding item in the other list. Furthermore, if you decide to provide more information about the list, this idea of keeping track could become overwhelming. One way you can effectively solve this problem is to create a class so that an instance of that class can hold all the necessary information about an item.

Practical Learning: Creating a List Class

Start Microsoft Visual Basic .NET or Visual Studio .NET
To start a new application, on the main menu, click File -> New -> Project...
In the Projects Types list, click Visual Basic Projects
In the Templates list, click Windows Application
In the Name box replace the string with DepartmentStore1
To add a project, on the main menu, click File -> Add Project -> New Project...
In the Project Types list, make sure Visual Basic Projects is selected
In the Templates list, click Class Library (.NET)
Set the Name to StoreItem
Click OK

Change the file as follows:

Public Class CStoreItem
    Private nbr As String
    Private nm As String
    Private sz As String
    Private uprice As Double

    Public Sub New()
        nbr = ""
        nm = ""
        sz = ""
        uprice = 0.0
    End Sub

    Public Sub CStoreItem(ByVal number As String, ByVal name As String, ByVal size As String, ByVal price As Double)
        nbr = number
        nm = name
        sz = size
        uprice = price
    End Sub

    Public Property ItemNumber() As String
        Get
            Return nbr
        End Get
        Set(ByVal Value As String)
            nbr = Value
        End Set
    End Property

    Public Property ItemName() As String
        Get
            Return nm
        End Get
        Set(ByVal Value As String)
            nm = Value
        End Set
    End Property

    Public Property Size() As String
        Get
            Return sz
        End Get
        Set(ByVal Value As String)
            sz = Value
        End Set
    End Property

    Public Property UnitPrice() As Double
        Get
            Return uprice
        End Get
        Set(ByVal Value As Double)
            uprice = Value
        End Set
    End Property

End Class

To create the library, on the main menu, click Build -> Build StoreItem

Introduction to Arrays

Single-Dimensional Array Creation

An array is a technique of storing information of different items in a common variable of one name. For example, consider the following list:

Store Item

Women Coat

Men Jacket

Teen Jeans

Women Bathing Suit

Children Playground Dress

This type of list can be created using a string-based array. Here is an example:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        Dim lstItemsNames As String() = {"Women Coat", "Men Jacket", "Teen Jeans", _
    				"Women Bathing Suit", "Children Playground Dress"}
End Sub

The above type of list is referred to as a single-dimensional. To provide more information about items, you can associate a second or even a third list to the first as follows:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        Dim itemsNumbers As String() = {"624376", "274952", "497852", "749752", "394085"}
        Dim lstItemsNames As String() = {"Women Coat", "Men Jacket", "Teen Jeans", _
                                        "Women Bathing Suit", "Children Playground Dress"}
        Dim itemsPrices As Double() = {225.55, 175.75, 24.5, 34.65, 75.05}
End Sub

To support arrays, the .NET Framework provides the Array class, which is defined in the System namespace. Based on this, you can formally use the Array class to create an array. To support the creation of an array, the Array class is equipped with the CreateInstance() method that comes in various versions. To create a one-dimensional array, you can use the following version:

Overloads Public Shared Function CreateInstance(ByVal elementType As Type, _
                                                                               ByVal length As Integer) As Array

The first argument is used to specify the type of array you want to create. Since it is declared as Type, you can use the typeof operator to cast your type.

The second argument specifies the number of items of the list. The items in an Array-based list use a zero-based index, meaning that the first item has an index of 0, the second has an index of 1, and so on. Using the Array class, you can create a list of the above item names as follows:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        Dim lstItemsNames As Array = Array.CreateInstance(GetType(String), length)
End Sub

Creating various lists that would be later connected can be confusing and even overwhelming, as mentioned earlier.

The Length of an Array

When creating an array that you are not initializing, you must provide the number of items that the list will contain. This number is passed inside the variable's parentheses as a constant integer. Here is an example:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        Dim lstItemsNames(5) As String
    End Sub

If you create a list using the Array.CreateInstance() method using the above version, you must pass a constant integer as the second argument. Here is an example:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        Dim lstItemsNames As Array = Array.CreateInstance(GetType(String), 5)
End Sub

If the array exists already, to find out the number of items it contains, you can access its Length property. Alternatively, you can call the Array.GetLength() method. Its syntax is:

Public Function GetLength(ByVal dimension As Integer) As Integer

For a single dimensional array as those declared above, you must pass the argument as 0. This method returns a 32-bit integer that represents the number of items in the array.

Practical Learning: Starting a List-Based Application

To get a reference of this library to the department store project, in Solution Explorer, under DepartmentStore1, right-click References and click Add Reference...
In the Add Reference dialog box, click the Projects property page and make sure the StoreItem project is selected:
Click Select and click OK
Display the form of the DepartmentStore1 project
Double-click the body of the form to access its Load event
In the top section of the file, under the Inherits line, type Dim lstItemsInStore As Array

Implement the Load event as follows:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        lstItemsInStore = Array.CreateInstance(GetType(StoreItem.CStoreItem), 6)
End Sub

Design the form as follows:

Control	Name	Text	Other Properties
Label		Item #:
TextBox	txtItemNumber
Label		Description:
TextBox	txtDescription
Label		Size:
TextBox	txtSize
Label		UnitPrice:
TextBox	txtUnitPrice		TextAlign: Right
Button	btnClose	Close
Button	btnFirst	\| <
Button	btnPrevious	<<
Button	btnNext	>>
Button	btnLast	> \|

Save all

Arrays Dimensions

Two-Dimensional Array Creation

The type of array we declared earlier is referred to as a single-dimensional. To provide more information about items, you can associate a second or even a third list to the first as follows:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        Dim lstItemsNames As String() = {"Women Coat", "Men Jacket", "Teen Jeans", _
                                "Women Bathing Suit", "Children Playground Dress"}
End Sub

You can create a two-dimensional array by entering two constant integers separated by a comma in the parentheses of the variable. Here is an example:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        Dim lstItemsNames(2, 3) As String
End Sub

If you want to use the Array.CreateInstance() method to create a two-dimensional array, you can use the following version:

Overloads Public Shared Function CreateInstance( _
   ByVal elementType As Type, _
   ByVal length1 As Integer, _
   ByVal length2 As Integer _
) As Array

The second number of the declaration and the third argument of the current CreateInstance() method specify the number of items that each list would contain. In the above declaration, the number 3 means that each array will be made of three items.

Based on this, here is an example of declaring a two-dimensional array using the CreateInstance() method:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        Dim lstItemsNames(2, 3) As String
        Dim lstItemsNumbers As Array = Array.CreateInstance(GetType(String), 2, 3)
End Sub

To know the total number of items that an array contains, you can access its Length property. To know the number of items that a particular list contains, call the Array.GetLength() method and pass the number corresponding to the array. To know the number of items in the first list, pass the argument as 0. To know the number of items in the second list, pass the argument as 1.

Multidimensional Array Creation

Besides the single or two-dimensional, you can create multidimensional arrays by specifying the number of commas in the square brackets and specifying the numbers. If you want to use the Array.CreateInstance() method to create a multidimensional array, you can call the following version:

Overloads Public Shared Function CreateInstance( _
   ByVal elementType As Type, _
   ByVal ParamArray lengths() As Integer _
) As Array

With this version of the method, the second argument specifies the number of arrays that the variable will hold.

If you want to find out the total number of items that an array contains, access its Length property. To get the number of items that a particular list contains, you can call the Array.GetLength() method and pass the number corresponding to the array.

To know the number of lists that an array variable contains, you can access its Rank property.

Operations on Arrays

Adding Items to an Array

There are two main techniques you can use to initialize an array. You can create its list of items when declaring the array. Here is an example:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        Dim itemsPrices As Double() = {225.55, 175.75, 24.5, 34.65, 75.05}
End Sub

Another technique is to first declare the array, then initialize each of its members. Here is an example:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        Dim storeItems(4) As String

        storeItems(0) = "Women Coat"
        storeItems(1) = "Women Bathing Suit"
        storeItems(2) = "Quilted Down Jacket"
        storeItems(3) = "Men Jacket"
End Sub

Here is an example for a two-dimensional array:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        Dim storeItems(2, 3) As String

        storeItems(0, 0) = "Women Coat"
        storeItems(0, 1) = "Women Bathing Suit"
        storeItems(0, 2) = "Quilted Down Jacket"
        storeItems(1, 0) = "Men Jacket"
        storeItems(1, 1) = "Children Playground Dress"
        storeItems(1, 2) = "Boys Trousers"
End Sub

The Array class also provides its own support for adding items to an array. This is done using the Array.SetValue() that is overloaded with various versions. To add a new item to a single-dimensional array, you can use the following syntax:

Overloads Public Sub SetValue( _
   ByVal value As Object, _
   ByVal index As Integer _
)

The first argument is the value to add to the list. The second argument is the index of the item to be added. The first item has index 1 the second item has index 2, and so on. Here is an example:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        Dim storeItems(4) As String

        storeItems.SetValue("Women Coat", 0)
        storeItems.SetValue("Women Bathing Suit", 1)
        storeItems.SetValue("Quilted Down Jacket", 2)
        storeItems.SetValue("Men Jacket", 3)
End Sub

The Array class provides a SetValue() version for each corresponding CreateInstance() method we reviewed earlier.

Practical Learning: Adding Items to an Array

To populate the array, change the Load event as follows:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        lstItemsInStore = Array.CreateInstance(GetType(StoreItem.CStoreItem), 6)

        Dim anItem As StoreItem.CStoreItem

        anItem = New StoreItem.CStoreItem
        anItem.ItemNumber = "724372"
        anItem.ItemName = "Women Coat"
        anItem.Size = "Large"
        anItem.UnitPrice = 225.55
        lstItemsInStore.SetValue(anItem, 0)

        anItem = New StoreItem.CStoreItem
        anItem.ItemNumber = "624376"
        anItem.ItemName = "Men Jacket"
        anItem.Size = "Medium"
        anItem.UnitPrice = 175.75
        lstItemsInStore.SetValue(anItem, 1)

        anItem = New StoreItem.CStoreItem
        anItem.ItemNumber = "274952"
        anItem.ItemName = "Teen Jeans"
        anItem.Size = "14"
        anItem.UnitPrice = 24.5
        lstItemsInStore.SetValue(anItem, 2)

        anItem = New StoreItem.CStoreItem
        anItem.ItemNumber = "497852"
        anItem.ItemName = "Women Bathing Suit"
        anItem.Size = "Petite"
        anItem.UnitPrice = 34.65
        lstItemsInStore.SetValue(anItem, 3)

        anItem = New StoreItem.CStoreItem
        anItem.ItemNumber = "749752"
        anItem.ItemName = "Children Playground Dress"
        anItem.Size = "12"
        anItem.UnitPrice = 75.05
        lstItemsInStore.SetValue(anItem, 4)

        anItem = New StoreItem.CStoreItem
        anItem.ItemNumber = "394085"
        anItem.ItemName = "Boys Trousers"
        anItem.Size = "8"
        anItem.UnitPrice = 17.95
        lstItemsInStore.SetValue(anItem, 5)
End Sub

Save all

Accessing the Members of an Array

Probably the most regularly performed operation on a list consists of retrieving the values of its members. You access the member of an array using its index as we saw earlier. To perform the same operation, the Array class is equipped with the GetValue() method that is overloaded with a version corresponding to each version of the CreateInstance() and the SetValue() methods. For example, to access the values stored in a one-dimensional array, you can call call this version:

Overloads Public Function GetValue(ByVal index As Integer) As Object

The argument is the zero-based index of the member whose value you want to access. If you pass an invalid value, the computer would throw an IndexOutOfRangeException exception.

Practical Learning: Accessing the Members of an Array

In the top section of the file, under the Inherits line, declare the following variable:

Public Class Form1
    Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form
    Dim lstItemsInStore As Array
    Dim CurrentPosition As Integer

In the Class Name combo box, select btnClose

In the Method Name combo box, select Click and implement its Click event as follows:

Private Sub btnClose_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnClose.Click
        Close()
End Sub

In the Class Name combo box, select btnFirst

In the Method Name combo box, select Click and implement the event as follows:

Private Sub btnFirst_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnFirst.Click
        CurrentPosition = 0

        Try
            Dim anItem As StoreItem.CStoreItem = lstItemsInStore.GetValue(CurrentPosition)

            Me.txtItemNumber.Text = anItem.ItemNumber
            Me.txtDescription.Text = anItem.ItemName
            Me.txtSize.Text = anItem.Size
            Me.txtUnitPrice.Text = anItem.UnitPrice.ToString("C")
        Catch ex As IndexOutOfRangeException
            MsgBox("Invalid Index: Contact the administrator and report this error")
        End Try
End Sub

In the Class Name combo box, select btnPrevious

In the Method Name combo box, select Click and implement the event as follows:

Private Sub btnPrevious_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnPrevious.Click
        If CurrentPosition = 0 Then
            Exit Sub
        Else
            CurrentPosition = CurrentPosition - 1

            Try
	dim anItem as StoreItem.CStoreItem  = lstItemsInStore.GetValue(CurrentPosition)

                Me.txtItemNumber.Text = anItem.ItemNumber
                Me.txtDescription.Text = anItem.ItemName
                Me.txtSize.Text = anItem.Size
                Me.txtUnitPrice.Text = anItem.UnitPrice.ToString("C")
            Catch ex As IndexOutOfRangeException
                MsgBox("Invalid Index: Contact the administrator and report this error")
            End Try
        End If
End Sub

In the Class Name combo box, select btnNext

In the Method Name combo box, select Click and implement the event as follows:

Private Sub btnNext_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnNext.Click
        If CurrentPosition = (lstItemsInStore.GetLength(0) - 1) Then
            Exit Sub
        Else
            CurrentPosition = CurrentPosition + 1

            Try
                Dim anItem As StoreItem.CStoreItem = lstItemsInStore.GetValue(CurrentPosition)

                Me.txtItemNumber.Text = anItem.ItemNumber
                Me.txtDescription.Text = anItem.ItemName
                Me.txtSize.Text = anItem.Size
                Me.txtUnitPrice.Text = anItem.UnitPrice.ToString("C")
            Catch ex As IndexOutOfRangeException
                MsgBox("Invalid Index: Contact th administrator and report this error")
            End Try
        End If
End Sub

In the Class Name combo box, select btnLast

In the Method Name combo box, select Click and implement the event as follows:

Private Sub btnLast_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnLast.Click
        CurrentPosition = lstItemsInStore.GetLength(0) - 1

        Try
            Dim anItem As StoreItem.CStoreItem = lstItemsInStore.GetValue(CurrentPosition)

            Me.txtItemNumber.Text = anItem.ItemNumber
            Me.txtDescription.Text = anItem.ItemName
            Me.txtSize.Text = anItem.Size
            Me.txtUnitPrice.Text = anItem.UnitPrice.ToString("C")
        Catch ex As IndexOutOfRangeException
            MsgBox("Invalid Index: Contact the administrator and report this error")
        End Try
End Sub

In the Class Name combo box, select (Form1 Events)

In the Method Name combo box, select Load and change it as follows:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        lstItemsInStore = Array.CreateInstance(GetType(StoreItem.CStoreItem), 6)
        CurrentPosition = 0
        Dim anItem As StoreItem.CStoreItem

        anItem = New StoreItem.CStoreItem
        anItem.ItemNumber = "724372"
        anItem.ItemName = "Women Coat"
        anItem.Size = "Large"
        anItem.UnitPrice = 225.55
        lstItemsInStore.SetValue(anItem, 0)

        anItem = New StoreItem.CStoreItem
        anItem.ItemNumber = "624376"
        anItem.ItemName = "Men Jacket"
        anItem.Size = "Medium"
        anItem.UnitPrice = 175.75
        lstItemsInStore.SetValue(anItem, 1)

        anItem = New StoreItem.CStoreItem
        anItem.ItemNumber = "274952"
        anItem.ItemName = "Teen Jeans"
        anItem.Size = "14"
        anItem.UnitPrice = 24.5
        lstItemsInStore.SetValue(anItem, 2)

        anItem = New StoreItem.CStoreItem
        anItem.ItemNumber = "497852"
        anItem.ItemName = "Women Bathing Suit"
        anItem.Size = "Petite"
        anItem.UnitPrice = 34.65
        lstItemsInStore.SetValue(anItem, 3)

        anItem = New StoreItem.CStoreItem
        anItem.ItemNumber = "749752"
        anItem.ItemName = "Children Playground Dress"
        anItem.Size = "12"
        anItem.UnitPrice = 75.05
        lstItemsInStore.SetValue(anItem, 4)

        anItem = New StoreItem.CStoreItem
        anItem.ItemNumber = "394085"
        anItem.ItemName = "Boys Trousers"
        anItem.Size = "8"
        anItem.UnitPrice = 17.95
        lstItemsInStore.SetValue(anItem, 5)

        btnFirst_Click(sender, e)
End Sub

Execute the application to test it
Close the form

The Arrangement of the List

When a new item is added to the array, it assumes the last position. If you want, you can re-arrange the list in a consecutive order. If the list is a one-dimensional array made of strings, you can arrange it in alphabetical order. If it is made of numbers, you can order them in increment or decrement order. If the list is a two, three, or multi-dimensional array, you can arrange it based on a list-part of your choice. To support the ability to re-organize the list, the Array class is equipped with the Sort() method that is overloaded with as many versions as you can possibly need.

To arrange a single-dimensional array in a consecutive order, you can call the following version of the Array::Sort() method:

public: static void Sort(Array* array);

To reverse the sequence of items of a one-dimensional array, you can call the Array::Reverse() method. Its syntax is:

public: static void Reverse(Array* array);

Looking for an Item in an Array

When using a list, you may want to know whether a particular item exists in the list. There are usually two ways to perform this operation. In a C++ array, you usually can use a for statement to scan a list. With this approach, you navigate through the list by visiting the index of each item and checking the value of that index. Another solution consists of writing a function to perform the search. The Array class provides its own support of both solutions using various methods that can be used to perform this operation.

The Array::IndexOf() method scans a list by accessing the index of each item. This method is overloaded in three versions. To apply it on a single-dimensional array, use the following version:

public: static int IndexOf(Array* array, Object* value);

This method visits each index of the array, looking for the value. Once it finds value in the array, it stops and returns the index where the first occurrence of value was found. The IndexOf() method actually looks for the first occurrence of an item in an array. If you prefer to get the last occurrence of that item in the array, you can call the Array::LastIndexOf() method. It also is overloaded with three versions.

Array Lists

Introduction

The main problem of traditional arrays is that their size is fixed by the number you specify when declaring the array variable: you cannot add items beyond the specified dimension. Another limitation is that you cannot insert an item inside the list. To overcome this, you can create a linked list. Instead of working from scratch, the .NET Framework provides the ArrayList class. With the ArrayList class, you can add new items to a list, insert items inside a list, arrange items of a list, check the existence of an item in a list, remove an item from the list, inquire about the list, or destroy the list. These operations are possible through various properties and methods.

The ArrayList class is defined in the System.Collections namespace. To use it, first declare a pointer to ArrayList. Here is an example:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        Dim lstNumbers As ArrayList = New ArrayList
End Sub

Practical Learning: Introducing the ArrayList Class

Start a new Windows Forms Application named DepartmentStore2
Open Windows Explorer or My Computer
In the StoreItem folder, copy the StoreItem.dll file
Display the contents of the current DepartmentStore2 folder and paste the StoreItem.dll file
Return to the project
To add the library to this project, in the Solution Explorer, right-click References and click Add Reference...
In the Add Reference dialog box, click Browse...
In the Select Component dialog box, select StoreItem.dll (it should be selected already) and click Open
In the Add Reference dialog box, click OK

Design the form as follows:

Control	Name	Text	Other Properties
TabControl
TabPage	pgeNewItem	New Item
Label		Item #:
TextBox	txtItemNumber
Label		Description:
TextBox	txtDescription
Label		Size:
TextBox	txtSize
Label		UnitPrice:
TextBox	txtUnitPrice		TextAlign: Right
Button	btnAddItem	Add Item
Label	lblInventoryCount
TabPage	pgeInventory	Store Inventory
DataGrid			AutoFormat: Colorful 1
Button	btnClose	Close

Double-click the body of the form outside the tab control to access its Load event

Change the file as follows:

Imports StoreItem

Public Class Form1
    Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form


    . . . No Change

    

    Dim StoreItems As ArrayList
    Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        StoreItems = New ArrayList

        Dim tmeNow As DateTime = DateTime.Now
        Dim mls As Integer = tmeNow.Millisecond
        ' Generate two random numbers between 100 and 999
        Dim rndNumber As Random = New Random(mls)
        Dim NewNumber1 As Integer = rndNumber.Next(100, 999)
        Dim NewNumber2 As Integer = rndNumber.Next(100, 999)
        ' Create an item number from the random numbers
        Dim strItemNumber As String = NewNumber1.ToString() + "-" + NewNumber2.ToString()

        ' Display the created item number in the Item # text box
        Me.txtItemNumber.Text = strItemNumber
    End Sub
End Class

In the Class Name, select btnClose

In the Method Name, select Click and implement it as follows:

Private Sub btnClose_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnClose.Click
        Close()
End Sub

Save all

Item Addition

The primary operation performed on a list is to create one. One of the biggest advantages of using a linked list is that you don't have to specify in advance the number of items of the list as done for an array. You can just start adding items. The ArrayList class makes this possible with the Add() method. Its syntax is:

Public Overridable Function Add(ByVal value As Object) As Integer Implements IList.Add

The argument of this method is the value to add to the list. If the method succeeds with the addition, it returns the position where the value was added in the list. This is usually the last position in the list. Here are examples:

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        Dim lstNumbers As ArrayList = New ArrayList

        lstNumbers.Add(452.35)
        lstNumbers.Add(47.58)
        lstNumbers.Add(273.48)
        lstNumbers.Add(9672.037)
        lstNumbers.Add(248.52)
End Sub

If the method fails, the compiler would throw an error. One of the errors that could result from failure of this operation would be based on the fact that either a new item cannot be added to the list because the list is read-only, or the list was already full prior to adding the new item.

As you can create a array list that includes any value of type object, you can also create your own class and use it to create a list based on the ArrayList class. To use your own class, when creating it, make sure it is created as a managed object. Here is an example:

Public Class Employee
    Public FullName As String
    Public Department As String
    Public DateHired As DateTime
    Public Salary As Double
End Class

Once you have created a managed class, it can be used like any other. To create a list from it, you can declare its array variable in the class that would use it, such as

Dim arlEmployees As ArrayList

As discussed earlier, you can create the list by adding items using the Add() method.

Dim arlEmployees As ArrayList

Private Sub btnAdd_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnAdd.Click
        If Me.btnAdd.Text = "Add" Then
            Me.txtFullName.Text = ""
            Me.txtDepartment.Text = ""
            Me.dtpDateHired.Text = DateTime.Now.ToString()
            Me.txtSalary.Text = ""
            Me.btnAdd.Text = "Update"
            Me.txtFullName.Focus()
        Else

            Dim Empl As Employee = New Employee

            Try
                Empl.FullName = Me.txtFullName.Text
                Empl.Department = Me.txtDepartment.Text
                Empl.DateHired = Me.dtpDateHired.Value
                Empl.Salary = CDbl(Me.txtSalary.Text)
                arlEmployees.Add(Empl)
            Catch ex As NotSupportedException
                MsgBox("Error: ", "The item could not be added", MessageBoxButtons.OK)
            Catch ex As Exception
                MsgBox("The item could not be added to the list")
            End Try

            Me.btnAdd.Text = "Add"
        End If
End Sub

Private Sub btnClose_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnClose.Click
        End
End Sub

The ArrayList.Add() method is used to add one item at a time to the list. If you have more than one item to add, you can use the ArrayList.AddRange() method. Its syntax is:

Public Overridable Sub AddRange(ByVal c As ICollection)

This method takes as argument a list and adds it to the current list.

The Add() method adds a new item at the end of the list. If you want to insert an item anywhere inside the list, you can call the Insert() method.

Practical Learning: Adding Items to an ArrayList List

In the New Item property page, to create an inventory, double-click the Add Item button and implement its Click event as follows:

Private Sub btnAddItem_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnAddItem.Click
        ' Make sure an item is complete before adding it to the inventory
        If Me.txtItemNumber.Text = "" Then
            MsgBox("You must enter an item number to complete the record")
            Me.txtItemNumber.Focus()
            Return
        End If

        If Me.txtDescription.Text = "" Then
            MsgBox("You must provide a name for the item in order to create its record")
            Me.txtDescription.Focus()
            Return
        End If

        If Me.txtUnitPrice.Text = "" Then
            MsgBox("The price of the item is required before saving it")
            Me.txtUnitPrice.Focus()
            Return
        End If

        Dim item As CStoreItem = New CStoreItem
        item.ItemNumber = Me.txtItemNumber.Text
        item.ItemName = Me.txtDescription.Text
        item.ItemSize = Me.txtSize.Text
        item.UnitPrice = CDbl(Me.txtUnitPrice.Text)
        StoreItems.Add(item)

        Dim tmeNow As DateTime = DateTime.Now
        Dim mls As Integer = tmeNow.Millisecond
        ' Generate two random numbers between 100 and 999
        Dim rndNumber As Random = New Random(mls)
        Dim NewNumber1 As Integer = rndNumber.Next(100, 999)
        Dim NewNumber2 As Integer = rndNumber.Next(100, 999)
        ' Create an item number from the random numbers
        Dim strItemNumber As String = CStr(NewNumber1) & "-" & CStr(NewNumber2)

        ' Display the created item number in the Item # text box
        Me.txtItemNumber.Text = strItemNumber
        Me.txtDescription.Text = ""
        Me.txtSize.Text = ""
        Me.txtUnitPrice.Text = ""
        Me.txtDescription.Focus()
End Sub

In the Class Name combo box, select tabDeptStore
In the Method Name combo box, select SelectedIndexChanged

Implement its event as follows:

Private Sub tabDeptStore_SelectedIndexChanged(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles tabDeptStore.SelectedIndexChanged
        Me.dataGrid1.DataSource = Nothing
        Me.dataGrid1.DataSource = StoreItems
End Sub

Execute the application and try creating a few records (let the computer generate item numbers):

Item Name	Size	Unit Price
Women Cashmere Lined Glove	8	115.95
Men Trendy Jacket	Medium	45.85
Women Stretch Flare Jeans	Petite	27.75
Women Belted Sweater	Large	15.95
Girls Classy Handbag	One Size	95.95
Women Casual Dress Shoes	9.5M	45.95
Boys Hooded Sweatshirt	M (7/8)	15.95
Girls Velour Dress	10	12.55
Women Lace Desire Panty	Medium	7.15
Infant Girls Ballerina Dress	12M	22.85
Men Classic Pinstripe Suit	38	145.95

Then click the Store Inventory tab
Close the form and return to your programming environment

The Capacity of a List

After declaring an ArrayList variable, it may be empty. As objects are added to it, the list grows. The list can grow tremendously as you wish. The number of items of the list is managed through the memory it occupies and this memory grows as needed. The number of items that the memory allocated is currently using is represented by the ArrayList.Capacity property. This will usually be the least of your concerns.

If for some reason, you want to intervene and control the number of items that your ArrayList list can contain, you can manipulate the Capacity property. For example, you can assign it a constant to set the maximum value that the list can contain. Once again, you will hardly have any reason to use the Capacity property: the compiler knows what to do with it.

A Fixed Size List

A list is usually meant to grow and shrink as necessary. This also lets the compiler manage the memory occupied by the list. In some cases, you may want a list to have a fixed size. To set this flag, you can call the ArrayList.FixedSize() method. It is overloaded in two versions. One of them has the following syntax:

Overloads Public Shared Function FixedSize(ByVal list As ArrayList) As ArrayList

If you set a fixed size on an ArrayList list, you may not be able to add a new item beyond the limit. In fact, if you attempt to do this, you may receive an error. A safe way is to check whether the list is fixed before performing a related operation. To find out whether a list is fixed, you can check the ArrayList.IsFixedSize property.

The Number of Items in the List

When using a list, at any time, you should be able to know the number of items that the list contains. This information is provided by the ArrayList.Count property. The Capacity and the Count have this in common: the value of each increases as the list grows and the same value decreases if the list shrinks. It is important to know that, although they look alike, there are various differences between the capacity of a list and the number of items it contains. Capacity is a read/write property. This means that, as we saw above, you can assign a value to the capacity to fix the number of items that the list can contain. You can also retrieve the value of the Capacity. The Count is read-only because it is used by the compiler to count the current number of items of the items and this counting is performed without your intervention.

Practical Learning: Counting Items

To get a count of items while the user is adding them to the list, change the Click event of the Add Item button as follows:

Private Sub btnAddItem_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnAddItem.Click
        
        . . . No Change

        Dim item As CStoreItem = New CStoreItem
        item.ItemNumber = Me.txtItemNumber.Text
        item.ItemName = Me.txtDescription.Text
        item.ItemSize = Me.txtSize.Text
        item.UnitPrice = CDbl(Me.txtUnitPrice.Text)
        StoreItems.Add(item)

        Me.lblInventoryCount.Text = String.Format("Store Current Inventory: {0} Items", Me.StoreItems.Count.ToString())

        . . . No Change
    End Sub

Execute the application and add a few items to the inventory
Close the form and return to your programming environment

A List Arrangement

When using the Add(), the AddRange(), or the Insert() methods to populate an ArrayList object, the item or the group of items is added to the end of the list in a consecutive manner. If you want to reverse this arrangement, you can call the Reverse() method. This method is provided in two versions. One of the versions has the following syntax:

Overloads Public Overridable Sub Reverse()

This method considers all items of a list and changes their positions in the exact opposite order: the first item becomes the last. The item before last becomes the second in the new list, and so on. If you want to reverse only a range of items in the list, you can use the other version of this method whose syntax is:

Overloads Public Overridable Sub Reverse(ByVal index As Integer, ByVal count As Integer)

In some cases, you may want the list to be arranged in an order validated by the language used on the computer. For example, if you create a list of names, you may want to display those names in alphabetical order. If you create a list of employees, you may want to display the list of employees by seniority, based on the date they were hired. The ability to arrange the list in a set order can be handled by the Sort() method. Its syntax is:

Overloads Public Overridable Sub Sort()

If the items in the list are made of strings, this method would arrange them in alphabetical order. If the items are numeric values, calling this method would arrange the list in incremental order. If the list is made of dates, when this method is called, the compiler would refer to the options set in the Regional Settings of the Control and arrange them accordingly in chronological order.

A Read-Only List

One of the reason for creating a list is to be able to add items to it, edit its items, retrieve an item, or delete items from it. These are the default operations. You can still limit these operations as you judge them unnecessary. For example, you may create a list and then initialize it with the items that you want the list to only have. If you don't intend to have the user adding items to it, you can create the list as read-only. To do this, you can call the ArrayList.ReadOnly() method. It is overloaded with two static versions as follows:

Overloads Public Shared Function ReadOnly(ByVal list As ArrayList) As ArrayList
Overloads Public Shared Function ReadOnly(ByVal list As IList) As IList

These methods are static. This means that you don't need to declare an instance of ArrayList to call them. Instead, to make the list read-only, call the ArrayList.ReadOnly() method and pass your ArrayList variable to it.

Some operations cannot be performed on a read-only list. To perform such operations, you can first find out whether an ArrayList list is read-only. This is done by checking its IsReadOnly property.

Item Retrieval

Once a list is ready, you can perform different types of operations on it. Besides adding items, one of the most regular operations performed on a list consists of locating and retrieving an item. You have various options. To retrieve a single item based on its position, you can use the Item property which accesses each item using square brackets. Like a normal array, an ArrayList list is zero-based. Another issue to keep in mind is that the ArrayList.Item() property produces an Object value. Therefore, you may have to cast this value to your type of value to get it right. Here are examples of using this property:

Public Class Form1
    Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form

#Region " Windows Form Designer generated code "

    Public Sub New()
        MyBase.New()

        'This call is required by the Windows Form Designer.
        InitializeComponent()

        'Add any initialization after the InitializeComponent() call

    End Sub

    'Form overrides dispose to clean up the component list.
    Protected Overloads Overrides Sub Dispose(ByVal disposing As Boolean)
        If disposing Then
            If Not (components Is Nothing) Then
                components.Dispose()
            End If
        End If
        MyBase.Dispose(disposing)
    End Sub

    'Required by the Windows Form Designer
    Private components As System.ComponentModel.IContainer

    'NOTE: The following procedure is required by the Windows Form Designer
    'It can be modified using the Windows Form Designer.  
    'Do not modify it using the code editor.
    Friend WithEvents Label1 As System.Windows.Forms.Label
    Friend WithEvents txtFullName As System.Windows.Forms.TextBox
    Friend WithEvents txtDepartment As System.Windows.Forms.TextBox
    Friend WithEvents Label2 As System.Windows.Forms.Label
    Friend WithEvents Label3 As System.Windows.Forms.Label
    Friend WithEvents dtpDateHired As System.Windows.Forms.DateTimePicker
    Friend WithEvents txtSalary As System.Windows.Forms.TextBox
    Friend WithEvents Label4 As System.Windows.Forms.Label
    Friend WithEvents btnAdd As System.Windows.Forms.Button
    Friend WithEvents btnFirst As System.Windows.Forms.Button
    Friend WithEvents btnPrevious As System.Windows.Forms.Button
    Friend WithEvents btnLast As System.Windows.Forms.Button
    Friend WithEvents btnNext As System.Windows.Forms.Button
    Friend WithEvents btnClose As System.Windows.Forms.Button
    <System.Diagnostics.DebuggerStepThrough()> Private Sub InitializeComponent()
        Dim resources As System.Resources.ResourceManager = New System.Resources.ResourceManager(GetType(Form1))
        Me.Label1 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label
        Me.txtFullName = New System.Windows.Forms.TextBox
        Me.txtDepartment = New System.Windows.Forms.TextBox
        Me.Label2 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label
        Me.Label3 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label
        Me.dtpDateHired = New System.Windows.Forms.DateTimePicker
        Me.txtSalary = New System.Windows.Forms.TextBox
        Me.Label4 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label
        Me.btnAdd = New System.Windows.Forms.Button
        Me.btnFirst = New System.Windows.Forms.Button
        Me.btnPrevious = New System.Windows.Forms.Button
        Me.btnLast = New System.Windows.Forms.Button
        Me.btnNext = New System.Windows.Forms.Button
        Me.btnClose = New System.Windows.Forms.Button
        Me.SuspendLayout()
        '
        'Label1
        '
        Me.Label1.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(16, 16)
        Me.Label1.Name = "Label1"
        Me.Label1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(72, 16)
        Me.Label1.TabIndex = 0
        Me.Label1.Text = "Full Name:"
        '
        'txtFullName
        '
        Me.txtFullName.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(96, 16)
        Me.txtFullName.Name = "txtFullName"
        Me.txtFullName.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(200, 20)
        Me.txtFullName.TabIndex = 1
        Me.txtFullName.Text = ""
        '
        'txtDepartment
        '
        Me.txtDepartment.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(96, 48)
        Me.txtDepartment.Name = "txtDepartment"
        Me.txtDepartment.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(200, 20)
        Me.txtDepartment.TabIndex = 3
        Me.txtDepartment.Text = ""
        '
        'Label2
        '
        Me.Label2.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(16, 50)
        Me.Label2.Name = "Label2"
        Me.Label2.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(72, 16)
        Me.Label2.TabIndex = 2
        Me.Label2.Text = "Department:"
        '
        'Label3
        '
        Me.Label3.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(16, 84)
        Me.Label3.Name = "Label3"
        Me.Label3.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(72, 16)
        Me.Label3.TabIndex = 4
        Me.Label3.Text = "Date Hired:"
        '
        'dtpDateHired
        '
        Me.dtpDateHired.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(96, 80)
        Me.dtpDateHired.Name = "dtpDateHired"
        Me.dtpDateHired.TabIndex = 5
        '
        'txtSalary
        '
        Me.txtSalary.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(96, 116)
        Me.txtSalary.Name = "txtSalary"
        Me.txtSalary.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(200, 20)
        Me.txtSalary.TabIndex = 7
        Me.txtSalary.Text = ""
        Me.txtSalary.TextAlign = System.Windows.Forms.HorizontalAlignment.Right
        '
        'Label4
        '
        Me.Label4.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(16, 117)
        Me.Label4.Name = "Label4"
        Me.Label4.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(72, 20)
        Me.Label4.TabIndex = 6
        Me.Label4.Text = "Salary:"
        '
        'btnAdd
        '
        Me.btnAdd.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(16, 152)
        Me.btnAdd.Name = "btnAdd"
        Me.btnAdd.TabIndex = 8
        Me.btnAdd.Text = "Add"
        '
        'btnFirst
        '
        Me.btnFirst.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(96, 152)
        Me.btnFirst.Name = "btnFirst"
        Me.btnFirst.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(32, 23)
        Me.btnFirst.TabIndex = 9
        Me.btnFirst.Text = "| <"
        '
        'btnPrevious
        '
        Me.btnPrevious.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(128, 152)
        Me.btnPrevious.Name = "btnPrevious"
        Me.btnPrevious.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(32, 23)
        Me.btnPrevious.TabIndex = 10
        Me.btnPrevious.Text = "<<"
        '
        'btnLast
        '
        Me.btnLast.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(192, 152)
        Me.btnLast.Name = "btnLast"
        Me.btnLast.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(32, 23)
        Me.btnLast.TabIndex = 12
        Me.btnLast.Text = "> |"
        '
        'btnNext
        '
        Me.btnNext.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(160, 152)
        Me.btnNext.Name = "btnNext"
        Me.btnNext.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(32, 23)
        Me.btnNext.TabIndex = 11
        Me.btnNext.Text = ">>"
        '
        'btnClose
        '
        Me.btnClose.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(232, 152)
        Me.btnClose.Name = "btnClose"
        Me.btnClose.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(64, 23)
        Me.btnClose.TabIndex = 13
        Me.btnClose.Text = "Close"
        '
        'Form1
        '
        Me.AutoScaleBaseSize = New System.Drawing.Size(5, 13)
        Me.ClientSize = New System.Drawing.Size(312, 190)
        Me.Controls.Add(Me.btnClose)
        Me.Controls.Add(Me.btnLast)
        Me.Controls.Add(Me.btnNext)
        Me.Controls.Add(Me.btnPrevious)
        Me.Controls.Add(Me.btnFirst)
        Me.Controls.Add(Me.btnAdd)
        Me.Controls.Add(Me.txtSalary)
        Me.Controls.Add(Me.Label4)
        Me.Controls.Add(Me.dtpDateHired)
        Me.Controls.Add(Me.Label3)
        Me.Controls.Add(Me.txtDepartment)
        Me.Controls.Add(Me.Label2)
        Me.Controls.Add(Me.txtFullName)
        Me.Controls.Add(Me.Label1)
        Me.Icon = CType(resources.GetObject("$this.Icon"), System.Drawing.Icon)
        Me.MaximizeBox = False
        Me.Name = "Form1"
        Me.StartPosition = System.Windows.Forms.FormStartPosition.CenterScreen
        Me.Text = "Employees Records"
        Me.ResumeLayout(False)

    End Sub

#End Region

    Dim arlEmployees As ArrayList
    Dim CurrentPosition As Integer

    Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        arlEmployees = New ArrayList
        CurrentPosition = 0
    End Sub


    Private Sub btnAdd_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnAdd.Click
        If Me.btnAdd.Text = "Add" Then
            Me.txtFullName.Text = ""
            Me.txtDepartment.Text = ""
            Me.dtpDateHired.Value = DateTime.Now
            Me.txtSalary.Text = ""
            Me.btnAdd.Text = "Update"
            Me.txtFullName.Focus()
        Else
            Dim Empl As Employee = New Employee

            Try
                Empl.FullName = Me.txtFullName.Text
                Empl.Department = Me.txtDepartment.Text
                Empl.DateHired = Me.dtpDateHired.Value
                Empl.Salary = CDbl(Me.txtSalary.Text)
                arlEmployees.Add(Empl)
            Catch ex As NotSupportedException
                MsgBox("Error: ", "The item could not be added", MessageBoxButtons.OK)
            Catch ex As Exception
                MsgBox("The item could not be added to the list" & vbCrLf & ex.Message)
            End Try

            Me.btnAdd.Text = "Add"
        End If
    End Sub

    Private Sub btnClose_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnClose.Click
        End
    End Sub

    Private Sub btnFirst_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnFirst.Click
        CurrentPosition = 0
        Dim Empl As Employee = New Employee

        Try
            Empl = arlEmployees(CurrentPosition)

            Me.txtFullName.Text = Empl.FullName
            Me.txtDepartment.Text = Empl.Department
            Me.dtpDateHired.Value = Empl.DateHired
            Me.txtSalary.Text = CStr(Empl.Salary)
        Catch ex As ArgumentOutOfRangeException
            MsgBox("The item could not be retrieved")
        Catch ex As Exception
            MsgBox("There was a problem retrieving the item")
        End Try
    End Sub

    Private Sub btnPrevious_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnPrevious.Click

        Dim Empl As Employee = New Employee

        If CurrentPosition = 0 Then
            Exit Sub
        Else
            CurrentPosition = CurrentPosition - 1

            Try
                Empl = arlEmployees(CurrentPosition)

                Me.txtFullName.Text = Empl.FullName
                Me.txtDepartment.Text = Empl.Department
                Me.dtpDateHired.Value = Empl.DateHired
                Me.txtSalary.Text = CStr(Empl.Salary)
            Catch ex As ArgumentOutOfRangeException
                MsgBox("The item could not be retrieved")
            Catch ex As Exception
                MsgBox("There was a problem retrieving the item")
            End Try
        End If
    End Sub

    Private Sub btnNext_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnNext.Click
        Dim Empl As Employee = New Employee

        If CurrentPosition = (arlEmployees.Count - 1) Then
            Exit Sub
        Else
            CurrentPosition = CurrentPosition + 1

            Try
                Empl = arlEmployees(CurrentPosition)

                Me.txtFullName.Text = Empl.FullName
                Me.txtDepartment.Text = Empl.Department
                Me.dtpDateHired.Value = Empl.DateHired
                Me.txtSalary.Text = CStr(Empl.Salary)
            Catch ex As ArgumentOutOfRangeException
                MsgBox("The item could not be retrieved")
            Catch ex As Exception
                MsgBox("There was a problem retrieving the item")
            End Try
        End If
    End Sub

    Private Sub btnLast_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnLast.Click
        CurrentPosition = arlEmployees.Count - 1

        Dim Empl As Employee = New Employee

        Try
            Empl = arlEmployees(CurrentPosition)

            Me.txtFullName.Text = Empl.FullName
            Me.txtDepartment.Text = Empl.Department
            Me.dtpDateHired.Value = Empl.DateHired
            Me.txtSalary.Text = CStr(Empl.Salary)
        Catch ex As ArgumentOutOfRangeException
            MsgBox("The item could not be retrieved")
        Catch ex As Exception
            MsgBox("There was a problem retrieving the item")
        End Try
    End Sub
End Class

Item Location

Instead of the square brackets that allow you to retrieve an item based on its position, you can look for an item based on its complete definition. You have various options. You can first "build" an item and ask the compiler to check whether any item in the list matches your definition. To perform this search, you can call the ArrayList.Contains() method. Its syntax is:

Public Overridable Function Contains(ByVal item As Object) As Boolean Implements IList.Contains

The item to look for is passed as argument to the method. The compiler would look for exactly the item, using its definition, in the list. If any detail of the argument fails to match any item of the ArrayList list, the method would return false. If all characteristics of the argument correspond to an item of the list, the method returns true.

Another option to look for an item in a list consists of calling the ArrayList.BinarySearch() method. It is overloaded in three versions and one of them uses the following syntax:

Overloads Public Overridable Function BinarySearch(ByVal value As Object) As Integer

The item to look for is passed argument to the method.

Item Deletion

As opposed to adding an item to a list, you may want to remove one. To perform this operation, you have various options. You can ask the compiler to look for an item in the list and if, or once, the compile finds it, it would delete the item. To perform this type of deletion, you can call the ArrayList.Remove() method. Its syntax is:

Public Overridable Sub Remove(ByVal obj As Object) Implements IList.Remove

This method accepts as argument the item that you want to delete from the list. To perform this operation, the list must not be read-only.

The Remove() method allows you to specify the exact item you want to delete from a list. Another option you have consists of deleting an item based on its position. This is done using the RemoveAt() method whose syntax is:

Public Overridable Sub RemoveAt(ByVal index As Integer) Implements IList.RemoveAt

With this method, the position of the item is passed as argument. If the position is not valid because either it is lower or higher than the current Count, the compiler would throw an ArgumentOutOfRangeException exception.

To remove all items from a list at once, you can call the ArrayList.Clear() method. Its syntax is:

Public Overridable Sub Clear() Implements IList.Clear


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