To explore views, we will create an application for a fictitious car rental company.

1. Start Microsoft Visual Studio
2. To create a new application, on the main menu, click FILE -> New -> Project...
3. In the middle list, click Windows Forms Application and change the Name to BethesdaCarRental4
4. Click OK
5. To create a new database, in the Server Explorer, right-click Data Connections and click Create New SQL Server Database...
6. In the Server Name combo box, select your server or type (local)
7. Set the database name as BethesdaCarRental1 and click OK
8. Open the Bethesda Car Rental1 file and select everything in it
9. Copy the whole content (to the clipboard)
10. In the Server Explorer, right-click the BethesdaCarRental1 connection and click New Query
11. Paste it in the Query window
12. Right-click inside the document and click Execute
13. In the Server Explorer, expand the BethesdaCarRental2 connection
14. In the Solution Explorer, right-click Form1.cs and click Rename
15. Type BethesdaCarRental.cs and press Enter twice
16. In the Solution Explorer, double-click BethesdaCarRental.cs to display the form
17. Add a button to the form and change its design as follows:
     

    Control (Name) Text Button btnRentalOrders Rental Orders ... Button btnVehicles Vehicles ... Button btnEmployees Employees ... Button btnClose Close

18. To create a new form, in the Solution Explorer, right-click BethesdaCarRental1 -> Add -> Windows Form...
19. Set the name to RentalRates and press Enter
20. Change the properties as follows:
    FormBorderStyle: FixedToolWindow
    ShowInTaskbar: False
21. Add a list view to the form and change its characteristics as follows:
    (Name): lvwRentalRates
    Dock: Fill
    FullRowSelect: True
    GridLines: True
    View: Details
    Columnes:

    (Name)	Text	TextAlign	Width
    colCategory	Category		72
    colDaily	Daily	Right
    colWeekly	Weekly	Right
    colMonthly	Monthly	Right
    colWeekend	Weekend	Right	742

22. Click the title bar of the form
23. In the Properties window, click Events and double-click Load
24. Change the document as follows:

    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.ComponentModel;
    using System.Data;
    using System.Drawing;
    using System.Linq;
    using System.Text;
    using System.Threading.Tasks;
    using System.Windows.Forms;
    using System.Data.SqlClient;
    
    namespace BethesdaCarRental2
    {
        public partial class RentalRates : Form
        {
            public RentalRates()
            {
                InitializeComponent();
            }
    
            private void ShowRentalRates()
            {
                lvwRentalRates.Items.Clear();
    
                using (SqlConnection scBethesdaCarRental = new SqlConnection("Data Source=(local);" +
                                                                        "Database=BethesdaCarRental1;" +
                                                                        "Integrated Security=Yes;"))
                {
                    SqlCommand cmdRentalRates = new SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM Assets.Categories;",
                                                                 scBethesdaCarRental);
                    scBethesdaCarRental.Open();
                    SqlDataAdapter sdaRentalRates = new SqlDataAdapter(cmdRentalRates);
                    DataSet dsRentalRates = new DataSet("RentalRatesSet");
                    sdaRentalRates.Fill(dsRentalRates);
    
                    for (int i = 0; i < dsRentalRates.Tables[0].Rows.Count; i++)
                    {
                        ListViewItem lviRentalRate = new ListViewItem(dsRentalRates.Tables[0].Rows[i]["Category"].ToString());
                        if (i % 2 == 0)
                        {
                            lviRentalRate.BackColor = Color.FromArgb(192, 64, 0);
                            lviRentalRate.ForeColor = Color.White;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            lviRentalRate.BackColor = Color.FromArgb(255, 128, 0);
                            lviRentalRate.ForeColor = Color.Yellow;
                        }
                        lviRentalRate.SubItems.Add(dsRentalRates.Tables[0].Rows[i]["Daily"].ToString());
                        lviRentalRate.SubItems.Add(dsRentalRates.Tables[0].Rows[i]["Weekly"].ToString());
                        lviRentalRate.SubItems.Add(dsRentalRates.Tables[0].Rows[i]["Monthly"].ToString());
                        lviRentalRate.SubItems.Add(dsRentalRates.Tables[0].Rows[i]["Weekend"].ToString());
                        lvwRentalRates.Items.Add(lviRentalRate);
                    }
                }
            }
    
            private void RentalRates_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
            {
                ShowRentalRates();
            }
        }
    }

25. To create a new form, in the Solution Explorer, right-click BethedaCarRental1 -> Add -> Windows Form...
26. Set the Name to NewRentalOrder
27. Click Add
28. Design the form as follows:
     

    Control (Name) Text TextAlign Label   Rent Start Processed By AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White Label   Employee #:   Text Box txtRentStartProcessedBy     Text Box txtRentStartEmployeeName     Label   Processed For - Customer Information AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White Label   Order Timing AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White Label   First Name:   Text Box txtCustomerFirstName     Label   Last Name:   Text Box txtCustomerLastName     Label   Start Date:   Date Time Picker dtpStartDate     Label   Address:   Text Box txtCustomerAddress     Label   City:   Text Box txtCustomerCity     Label   Order Evaluation AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White Label   State/Province:   Combo Box cbxCustomerStates   Items: AB, AL, AK, AZ, AR, BC, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NB, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NL, NM, NS, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, ON, OR, PA, PE, QC, RI, SC, SD, SK, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY Label   ZIP/Postal Code:   Text Box txtCustomerZIPCode     Label   Rate Applied:   Text Box txtRateApplied 0.00 TextAlign: Right Button btnRentalRates Rental Rates...   Label   Vehicle Selected AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White Label   Tag Number:   Text Box txtTagNumber     Label   Tank Level:   Combo Box cbxTankLevels   Items: Empty 1/4 Empty Half Tank 3/4 Full Full Label   Vehicle:   Text Box txtVehicleSelected     Label   Mileage Start:   Text Box txtMileageStart     Label   Condition:   Combo Box cbxConditions   Items: Drivable Excellent Needs Repair Label   Order Status:   Combo Box cbxOrdersStatus   Items: Unknown Processing Order Complete Vehicle With Customer Label   Notes   Text Box txtNotes   Multiline: True ScrollBars: Verticle Button btnSave Save   Button btnPrint Print...   Button btnPrintPreview Print Preview   Button btnClose Close

29. From the Printing section of the Toolbox, click PrintDocument and click the form
30. In the Properties window, set its (Name) to docPrint and press Enter
31. Under the form, double-click docPrint and implement its event as follows:
    

    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.ComponentModel;
    using System.Data;
    using System.Drawing;
    using System.Linq;
    using System.Text;
    using System.Windows.Forms;
    using System.Data.SqlClient;
    
    namespace BethesdaCarRental2
    {
        public partial class NewRentalOrder : Form
        {
            public NewRentalOrder()
            {
                InitializeComponent();
            }
    
            private void docPrint_PrintPage(object sender, System.Drawing.Printing.PrintPageEventArgs e)
            {
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 2), 80, 90, 750, 90);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 80, 93, 750, 93);
    
                string strDisplay = "Bethesda Car Rental";
                System.Drawing.Font fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 28, FontStyle.Bold);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(strDisplay, fntString, Brushes.Black, 240, 100);
    
                strDisplay = "Car Rental Order";
                fntString = new System.Drawing.Font("Times New Roman", 22, FontStyle.Regular);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(strDisplay, fntString, Brushes.Black, 320, 150);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 80, 187, 750, 187);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 2), 80, 190, 750, 190);
    
                fntString = new System.Drawing.Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Bold);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Processed By:  ", fntString, Brushes.Black, 100, 220);
                fntString = new System.Drawing.Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Regular);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtRentStartProcessedBy.Text + ": " + txtRentStartEmployeeName.Text, fntString, Brushes.Black, 260, 220);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 240, 720, 240);
    
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Bold);
    
                e.Graphics.FillRectangle(Brushes.Gray, new Rectangle(100, 260, 620, 20));
                e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(Pens.Black, new Rectangle(100, 260, 620, 20));
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Customer", fntString, Brushes.White, 100, 260);
    
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Bold);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("First Name: ", fntString, Brushes.Black, 100, 300);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Last Name: ", fntString, Brushes.Black, 420, 300);
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Regular);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtCustomerFirstName.Text, fntString, Brushes.Black, 260, 300);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtCustomerLastName.Text, fntString, Brushes.Black, 540, 300);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 320, 720, 320);
    
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Bold);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Address: ", fntString, Brushes.Black, 100, 330);
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Regular);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtCustomerAddress.Text, fntString, Brushes.Black, 260, 330);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 350, 720, 350);
    
                strDisplay = txtCustomerCity.Text + " " + cbxCustomerStates.Text + " " + txtCustomerZIPCode.Text;
                fntString = new System.Drawing.Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Regular);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(strDisplay, fntString, Brushes.Black, 260, 360);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 260, 380, 720, 380);
    
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Bold);
    
                e.Graphics.FillRectangle(Brushes.Gray, new Rectangle(100, 410, 620, 20));
                e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(Pens.Black, new Rectangle(100, 410, 620, 20));
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Vehicle Information", fntString, Brushes.White, 100, 410);
    
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Bold);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Tag #: ", fntString, Brushes.Black, 100, 450);
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Regular);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtTagNumber.Text, fntString, Brushes.Black, 260, 450);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 470, 720, 470);
    
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Bold);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Vehicle: ", fntString, Brushes.Black, 100, 480);
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Regular);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtVehicleSelected.Text, fntString, Brushes.Black, 260, 480);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 500, 720, 500);
    
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Bold);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Vehicle Condition: ", fntString, Brushes.Black, 100, 510);
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Regular);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(cbxConditions.Text, fntString, Brushes.Black, 260, 510);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 530, 380, 530);
    
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Bold);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Tank Level: ", fntString, Brushes.Black, 420, 510);
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Regular);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(cbxTankLevels.Text, fntString, Brushes.Black, 530, 510);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 420, 530, 720, 530);
    
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Bold);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Mileage Start:", fntString, Brushes.Black, 100, 540);
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Regular);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtMileageStart.Text, fntString, Brushes.Black, 260, 540);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 560, 720, 560);
    
                e.Graphics.FillRectangle(Brushes.Gray, new Rectangle(100, 590, 620, 20));
                e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(Pens.Black, new Rectangle(100, 590, 620, 20));
    
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Bold);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Order Timing Information", fntString, Brushes.White, 100, 590);
    
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Bold);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Start Date:", fntString, Brushes.Black, 100, 620);
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Regular);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(dtpStartDate.Value.ToString("D"), fntString, Brushes.Black, 260, 620);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 640, 720, 640);
    
                e.Graphics.FillRectangle(Brushes.Gray, new Rectangle(100, 700, 620, 20));
                e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(Pens.Black, new Rectangle(100, 700, 620, 20));
    
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Bold);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Order Evaluation", fntString, Brushes.White, 100, 700);
    
                StringFormat fmtString = new StringFormat();
                fmtString.Alignment = StringAlignment.Far;
    
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Bold);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Rate Applied:", fntString, Brushes.Black, 100, 740);
                fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Regular);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtRateApplied.Text, fntString, Brushes.Black, 300, 740, fmtString);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 760, 380, 760);
            }
        }
    }

32. Return to the New Rental Order form
33. From the Printing section of the Toolbox, click PrintDialog and click the form
34. In the Properties window, change its Name to dlgPrint
35. Still in the Properties windows, set its Document property to docPrint
36. On the Order Processing form, double-click the Print button and implement its event as follows:
    

    private void btnPrint_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        if (dlgPrint.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
            docPrint.Print();
    }

37. Return to the New Rental Order form
38. From the Printing section of the Toolbox, click PrintPreviewDialog and click the form
39. In the Properties window, change its (Name) to dlgPrintPreview
40. Still in the Properties windows, set its Document property to docPrint
41. On the New Rental Order form, double-click the Print Preview button
42. Implement the event as follows:
    

    private void btnPrintPreview_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        dlgPrintPreview.ShowDialog();
    }

43. Return to the New Rental Order form and double-click the Rental Rates button
44. Implement the event as follows:

     private void btnRentalRates_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        RentalRates rrs = new RentalRates();
        rrs.Show();
    }

45. Return to the New Rental Order form
46. Under the form, select docPrint, dlgPrint, and dlgPrintPreview (you can click one, press and hold either Ctrl or Shift, then click each of the others, and release Ctrl or Shift)
47. Press Ctrl + C to copy
48. To create a new form, in the Solution Explorer, right-click BethedaCarRental1 -> Add -> Windows Form...
49. Set the Name to UpdateRentalOrder
50. Click Add
51. Click the middle of the form and press Ctrl + V to paste
52. Design the form as follows:
     

    Control (Name) Text TextAlign Label   Rent Start Processed By AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White Label   Rent End Processed By AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White Label   Employee #:   Text Box txtRentStartProcessedBy     Text Box txtRentStartEmployeeName     Label   Employee #:   Text Box txtRentEndProcessedBy     Text Box txtRentEndEmployeeName     Label   Processed For Customer AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White Label   Order Timing AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White Label   First Name:   Text Box txtCustomerFirstName     Label   Last Name:   Text Box txtCustomerLastName     Label   Start Date:   Date Time Picker dtpStartDate     Label   Address:   Text Box txtCustomerAddress     Label   End Date:   Date Time Picker dtpEndDate     Label   City:   Text Box txtCustomerCity     Label   Total Days:   Text Box txtTotalDays 0.00 TextAlign: Right Label   State/Province:   Combo Box cbxCustomerStates   Items: AB, AL, AK, AZ, AR, BC, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NB, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NL, NM, NS, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, ON, OR, PA, PE, QC, RI, SC, SD, SK, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY Label   ZIP/Postal Code:   Text Box txtCustomerZIPCode     Label   Vehicle Selected AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White Label   Order Evaluation AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White Label   Tag Number:   Text Box txtTagNumber     Label   Tank Level:   Combo Box cbxTankLevels   Items: Empty 1/4 Empty Half Tank 3/4 Full Full Label   Rate Applied:   Text Box txtRateApplied 0.00 TextAlign: Right Button btnRentalRates Rental Rates...   Label   Vehicle:   Text Box txtVehicleSelected     Label   Sub-Total:   Text Box txtSubTotal 0.00 TextAlign: Right Button btnCalculate Calculate   Label   Mileage Start:   Text Box txtMileageStart     Label   Mileage End:   Text Box txtMileageEnd     Label   Tax Rate:   Text Box txtTaxRate 7.70 TextAlign: Right Label   %   Label   Condition:   Combo Box cbxConditions   Items: Drivable Excellent Needs Repair Label   Mileage Total:   Text Box txtMileageTotal   TextAlign: Right Label   Tax Amount:   Text Box txtTaxAmount 0.00 TextAlign: Right Button btnPrint Print...   Label   Order Status:   Combo Box cbxOrdersStatus   Items: Unknown Processing Order Complete Vehicle With Customer Label   Order Total:   Text Box txtOrderTotal 0.00 TextAlign: Right Button btnPrintPreview Print Preview   Label   Notes   Text Box txtNotes   Multiline: True ScrollBars: Verticle Label   Receipt #   Text Box txtReceiptNumber 0   Button btnOpen Open   Button btnUpdateRentalOrder Update Rental Order   Button btnResetForm Reset Form   Button btnClose Close

53. Under the form, double-click docPrint and implement its event as follows:

    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.ComponentModel;
    using System.Data;
    using System.Drawing;
    using System.Linq;
    using System.Text;
    using System.Windows.Forms;
    using System.Data.SqlClient;
    
    namespace BethesdaCarRental2
    {
        public partial class UpdateRentalOrder : Form
        {
            public UpdateRentalOrder()
            {
                InitializeComponent();
            }
    
            private void docPrint_PrintPage(object sender, System.Drawing.Printing.PrintPageEventArgs e)
            {
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 2), 80, 90, 750, 90);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 80, 93, 750, 93);
    
                string strDisplay = "Bethesda Car Rental";
                System.Drawing.Font fntString = new Font("Times New Roman", 28, FontStyle.Bold);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(strDisplay, fntString, Brushes.Black, 240, 100);
    
                strDisplay = "Car Rental Order";
                fntString = new System.Drawing.Font("Times New Roman", 22, FontStyle.Regular);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(strDisplay, fntString, Brushes.Black, 320, 150);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 80, 187, 750, 187);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 2), 80, 190, 750, 190);
    
                System.Drawing.Font boldString = new System.Drawing.Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Bold);
                System.Drawing.Font regularString = new System.Drawing.Font("Times New Roman", 12, FontStyle.Regular);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Receipt #:  ", boldString, Brushes.Black, 100, 220);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtReceiptNumber.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 260, 220);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 240, 380, 240);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Processed By:  ", boldString, Brushes.Black, 420, 220);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtRentStartEmployeeName.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 550, 220);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 420, 240, 720, 240);
    
                e.Graphics.FillRectangle(Brushes.Gray, new Rectangle(100, 260, 620, 20));
                e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(Pens.Black, new Rectangle(100, 260, 620, 20));
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Customer", boldString, Brushes.White, 100, 260);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("First Name: ", boldString, Brushes.Black, 100, 300);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Last Name: ", boldString, Brushes.Black, 420, 300);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtCustomerFirstName.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 260, 300);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtCustomerLastName.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 540, 300);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 320, 720, 320);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Address: ", boldString, Brushes.Black, 100, 330);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtCustomerAddress.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 260, 330);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 350, 720, 350);
    
                strDisplay = txtCustomerCity.Text + " " + cbxCustomerStates.Text + " " + txtCustomerZIPCode.Text;
                e.Graphics.DrawString(strDisplay, regularString, Brushes.Black, 260, 360);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 260, 380, 720, 380);
    
                e.Graphics.FillRectangle(Brushes.Gray, new Rectangle(100, 410, 620, 20));
                e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(Pens.Black, new Rectangle(100, 410, 620, 20));
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Vehicle Information", boldString, Brushes.White, 100, 410);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Tag #: ", boldString, Brushes.Black, 100, 450);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtTagNumber.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 260, 450);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Make & Model: ", boldString, Brushes.Black, 420, 450);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtVehicleSelected.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 540, 450);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 470, 720, 470);
    
                StringFormat fmtString = new StringFormat();
                fmtString.Alignment = StringAlignment.Far;
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Vehicle Condition: ", boldString, Brushes.Black, 100, 480);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(cbxConditions.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 260, 480);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Mileage Start:", boldString, Brushes.Black, 420, 480);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtMileageStart.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 600, 480, fmtString);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 500, 720, 500);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Tank Level: ", boldString, Brushes.Black, 100, 510);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(cbxTankLevels.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 260, 510);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Mileage End:", boldString, Brushes.Black, 420, 510);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtMileageEnd.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 600, 510, fmtString);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 530, 720, 530);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Mileage Total: ", boldString, Brushes.Black, 420, 540);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtMileageTotal.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 600, 540, fmtString);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 560, 720, 560);
    
                e.Graphics.FillRectangle(Brushes.Gray, new Rectangle(100, 590, 620, 20));
                e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(Pens.Black, new Rectangle(100, 590, 620, 20));
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Order Timing Information", boldString, Brushes.White, 100, 590);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Start Date:", boldString, Brushes.Black, 100, 620);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(dtpStartDate.Value.ToString("D"), regularString, Brushes.Black, 260, 620);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 640, 720, 640);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("End Date:", boldString, Brushes.Black, 100, 650);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(dtpEndDate.Value.ToString("D"), regularString, Brushes.Black, 260, 650);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 670, 520, 670);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Total Days:", boldString, Brushes.Black, 550, 650);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtTotalDays.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 700, 650, fmtString);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 550, 670, 720, 670);
    
                e.Graphics.FillRectangle(Brushes.Gray, new Rectangle(100, 700, 620, 20));
                e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(Pens.Black, new Rectangle(100, 700, 620, 20));
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Order Evaluation", boldString, Brushes.White, 100, 700);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Rate Applied:", boldString, Brushes.Black, 100, 740);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtRateApplied.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 300, 740, fmtString);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 760, 380, 760);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Tax Rate:", boldString, Brushes.Black, 420, 740);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtTaxRate.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 640, 740, fmtString);
                e.Graphics.DrawString("%", regularString, Brushes.Black, 640, 740);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 420, 760, 720, 760);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Sub-Total:", boldString, Brushes.Black, 100, 770);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtSubTotal.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 300, 770, fmtString);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 790, 380, 790);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Tax Amount:", boldString, Brushes.Black, 420, 770);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtTaxAmount.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 640, 770, fmtString);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 420, 790, 720, 790);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Order Total:", boldString, Brushes.Black, 420, 800);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtOrderTotal.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 640, 800, fmtString);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 420, 820, 720, 820);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Order Status:", boldString, Brushes.Black, 100, 830);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(cbxOrdersStatus.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 260, 830);
                e.Graphics.DrawLine(new Pen(Color.Black, 1), 100, 850, 720, 850);
    
                e.Graphics.DrawString("Notes:", boldString, Brushes.Black, 100, 860);
                e.Graphics.DrawString(txtNotes.Text, regularString, Brushes.Black, 260, 860);
            }
        }
    }

54. Return the Update Rental Order form and double-click the Print button
55. Implement its event as follows:

    private void btnPrint_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        if (dlgPrint.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
            docPrint.Print();
    }

56. Return to the Update Rental Order form and double-click the Print Preview button
57. Implement the event as follows:
    

    private void btnPrintPreview_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        dlgPrintPreview.ShowDialog();
    }

58. Return to the Update Rental Order form and double-click the Rental Rates button
59. Implement the event as follows:

    private void btnRentalRates_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        RentalRates rrs = new RentalRates();
        rrs.Show();
    }

60. Return to the Update Rental Order form and click the Mileage End text box
61. In the Events section of the Properties window, double-click Leave and implement the event as follows:

     private void txtMileageEnd_Leave(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
    	    int mileageStart = 0, mileageEnd = 0, mileageTotal;
    
    	    if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(txtMileageStart.Text))
            	return;
    	    if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(txtMileageEnd.Text))
            	return;
    
    	    try
    	    {
            	mileageStart = int.Parse(txtMileageStart.Text);
    	    }
    	    catch (FormatException fe)
    	    {
            	MessageBox.Show("The value you provided for the mileage start is not valid.\n" +
                    	        "Please report the error as: " + fe.Message,
                            	"Bethesda Car Rental",
            	                MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
    	    }
    
    	    try
    	    {
            	mileageEnd = int.Parse(txtMileageEnd.Text);
    	        mileageTotal = mileageEnd - mileageStart;
    
    	        txtMileageTotal.Text = mileageTotal.ToString();
    	    }
    	    catch (FormatException fe)
    	    {
            	MessageBox.Show("The value you provided for the mileage end is not valid.\n" +
                    	        "Please report the error as: " + fe.Message,
                            	"Bethesda Car Rental",
                            MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
    	    }
    }

62. Return to the form and double-click the Start Date date time picker
63. Implement the event as follows:

    private void dtpStartDate_ValueChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        dtpEndDate.Value = dtpStartDate.Value;
    }

64. Return to the form and double-click the End Date date time picker
65. Implement the event as follows:

    private void dtpEndDate_ValueChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        int days;
    
        DateTime dteStart = this.dtpStartDate.Value;
        DateTime dteEnd = this.dtpEndDate.Value;
    
        // Let's calculat the difference in days
        TimeSpan tme = dteEnd - dteStart;
        days = tme.Days;
    
        // If the customer returns the car the same day, 
        // we consider that the car was rented for 1 day
        if (days == 0)
            days = 1;
    
        txtTotalDays.Text = days.ToString();
        // At any case, we will let the clerk specify the actual number of days
    }

66. Return to the form and double-click the Rental Rates button
67. Implement the event as follows:

     private void btnRentalRates_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        RentalRates rrs = new RentalRates();
        rrs.Show();
    }

68. Return to the form and click the Rate Applied text box
69. In the Events section of the Properties window, double-click Leave and implement the event as follows:

    private void txtRateApplied_Leave(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        int days = 0;
        double rateApplied = 0D;
    
        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(txtRateApplied.Text))
            return;
    
        try
        {
            rateApplied = double.Parse(txtRateApplied.Text);
            days = int.Parse(txtTotalDays.Text);
    
            txtSubTotal.Text = (rateApplied * days).ToString("F");
        }
        catch (FormatException fe)
        {
            MessageBox.Show("The value you provided for the rate is not valid.\n" +
                            "Please report the error as: " + fe.Message,
                            "Bethesda Car Rental",
                            MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
        }
    }

70. Return to the form and double-click the Calculate button
71. Implement the event as follows:

    private void btnCalculate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        int Days = 0;
        double RateApplied = 0.00;
        double SubTotal = 0.00;
        double TaxRate = 0.00;
        double TaxAmount = 0.00;
        double OrderTotal = 0.00;
    
        try
        {
            Days = int.Parse(txtTotalDays.Text);
        }
        catch (FormatException)
        {
            MessageBox.Show("Invalid Number of Days",
                            "Bethesda Car Rental",
                            MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
        }
    
        try
        {
            RateApplied = double.Parse(txtRateApplied.Text);
        }
        catch (FormatException)
        {
            MessageBox.Show("Invalid Amount for Rate Applied",
                            "Bethesda Car Rental",
                            MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
        }
    
        SubTotal = Days * RateApplied;
        txtSubTotal.Text = SubTotal.ToString("F");
    
        try
        {
            TaxRate = double.Parse(txtTaxRate.Text);
        }
        catch (FormatException)
        {
            MessageBox.Show("Invalid Tax Rate",
                            "Bethesda Car Rental",
                            MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
        }
    
        TaxAmount = SubTotal * TaxRate / 100;
        txtTaxAmount.Text = TaxAmount.ToString("F");
    
        OrderTotal = SubTotal + TaxAmount;
        txtOrderTotal.Text = OrderTotal.ToString("F");
    }

72. Return to the form and double-click the Reset Form button
73. Implement the event as follows:

    private void btnResetForm_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        txtReceiptNumber.Text = "";
        txtRentStartProcessedBy.Text = "";
        txtRentStartEmployeeName.Text = "";
        txtRentEndProcessedBy.Text = "";
        txtRentEndEmployeeName.Text = "";
        txtCustomerFirstName.Text = "";
        txtCustomerLastName.Text = "";
        txtCustomerAddress.Text = "";
        txtCustomerCity.Text = "";
        cbxCustomerStates.Text = "";
        txtCustomerZIPCode.Text = "";
        txtTagNumber.Text = "";
        txtCustomerAddress.Text = "";
        txtCustomerCity.Text = "";
        cbxCustomerStates.Text = "";
        txtCustomerZIPCode.Text = "";
        cbxConditions.SelectedIndex = 0;
        cbxTankLevels.SelectedIndex = 0;
        txtMileageStart.Text = "";
        txtMileageEnd.Text = "";
        txtMileageTotal.Text = "";
        txtRateApplied.Text = "";
        txtTaxRate.Text = "7.70";
        txtTaxAmount.Text = "0.00";
        txtSubTotal.Text = "0.00";
        txtOrderTotal.Text = "";
        dtpStartDate.Value = DateTime.Today;
        dtpEndDate.Value = DateTime.Today;
        txtTotalDays.Text = "0.00";
        cbxOrdersStatus.SelectedIndex = 0;
        txtNotes.Text = "";
    }

The simplest formula to create a view is as follows:

CREATE VIEW [Schema].ViewName
AS
SELECT Statement

1. Click inside the SQL Query window and press Ctrl + A
2. To create a view, type the following code:

   USE BethesdaCarRental1;
   GO
   
   CREATE VIEW Assets.Cars
   AS
       SELECT TagNumber,
   	   Category,
   	   Make,
   	   Model,
   	   Doors,
   	   Passengers,
   	   Condition,
   	   Availability
       FROM Assets.Vehicles
   GO

3. Right-click inside the SQL Query window and click Execute
4. To create a new form, in the Solution Explorer, right-click BethedaCarRental2 -> Add -> Windows Form...
5. Set the Name to Vehicles
6. Click Add
7. Design the form as follows:
    

   Control (Name) Text Other Properties List View lvwVehicles   FullRowSelect: True GridLines: True     (Name) Text TextAlign Width colTagNumber Tag #     colCategory Category   70 colMake Make   70 colModel Model   100 colDoors Doors Right 40 colPassengers Passengers Right 68 colCondition Condition     colAvailability Availability   85 Button btnClose Close

8. Double-click an unoccupied area of the form
9. Return to the form and double-click the Close button
10. change the document as follows:

    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.ComponentModel;
    using System.Data;
    using System.Drawing;
    using System.Linq;
    using System.Text;
    using System.Threading.Tasks;
    using System.Windows.Forms;
    using System.Data.SqlClient;
    
    namespace BethesdaCarRental2
    {
        public partial class Vehicles : Form
        {
            public Vehicles()
            {
                InitializeComponent();
            }
    
            private void ShowVehicles()
            {
                lvwVehicles.Items.Clear();
    
                using (SqlConnection scBethesdaCarRental = new SqlConnection("Data Source=(local);" +
                                                                        "Database=BethesdaCarRental12;" +
                                                                        "Integrated Security=Yes;"))
                {
                    SqlCommand cmdVehicles = new SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM Assets.Cars;",
                                                                 scBethesdaCarRental);
                    scBethesdaCarRental.Open();
                    SqlDataAdapter sdaVehicles = new SqlDataAdapter(cmdVehicles);
                    DataSet dsVehicles = new DataSet("SubCategoriesSet");
                    sdaVehicles.Fill(dsVehicles);
    
                    foreach (DataRow drVehicle in dsVehicles.Tables[0].Rows)
                    {
                        ListViewItem lviVehicle = new ListViewItem(drVehicle["TagNumber"].ToString());
                        lviVehicle.SubItems.Add(drVehicle["Category"].ToString());
    		    lviVehicle.SubItems.Add(drVehicle["Make"].ToString());
    		    lviVehicle.SubItems.Add(drVehicle["Model"].ToString());
    		    lviVehicle.SubItems.Add(drVehicle["Doors"].ToString());
    		    lviVehicle.SubItems.Add(drVehicle["Passengers"].ToString());
    		    lviVehicle.SubItems.Add(drVehicle["Condition"].ToString());
    		    lviVehicle.SubItems.Add(drVehicle["Availability"].ToString());
                        lvwVehicles.Items.Add(lviVehicle);
                    }
                }
            }
    
            private void Cars_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
            {
                ShowVehicles();
            }
    
            private void btnClose_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
            {
                Close();
            }
        }
    }

The formula to programmatically delete a view in SQL is:

DROP VIEW [Schema.]ViewName

Besides the ability to select records, views can be used to add records to a table:

1. Click inside the SQL Query window and press Ctrl + A
2. To create a view, type the following code:

   USE BethesdaCarRental1;
   GO
   
   CREATE VIEW Transactions.NewRentalOrders
   AS
       SELECT RentStartProcessedBy,
   	   RentEndProcessedBy,
   	   CustomerFirstName,
   	   CustomerLastName,
   	   CustomerAddress,
   	   CustomerCity,
   	   CustomerState,
   	   CustomerZIPCode,
   	   TagNumber,
   	   Condition,
   	   TankLevel,
   	   MileageStart,
   	   StartDate,
   	   RateApplied,
   	   OrderStatus,
   	   Notes
       FROM Transactions.RentalOrders;
   GO

3. Right-click inside the SQL Query window and click Execute
4. Display the New Rental Order form and double-click the Save button
5. Change the document as follows:

   private void btnSave_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
   {
               if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(txtRentStartProcessedBy.Text))
               {
                   MessageBox.Show("You must specify the employee who processed the rental order.",
                                   "Bethesda Car Rental",
                                   MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
                   return;
               }
   
               if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(txtTagNumber.Text))
               {
                   MessageBox.Show("You must specify the car that was rented.",
                                   "Bethesda Car Rental",
                                   MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
                   return;
               }
   
               using (SqlConnection scBethesdaCarRental =
                   new SqlConnection(@"Data Source='CENTRAL\MSSQLSERVER2012';" +
                                     "Database='BethesdaCarRental1';" +
                                     "Integrated Security=yes;"))
               {
                   SqlCommand cmdRentalOrders = new SqlCommand("INSERT INTO Transactions.NewRentalOrders(" +
                       "RentStartProcessedBy, RentEndProcessedBy, CustomerFirstName, CustomerLastName, " +
                       "CustomerAddress, CustomerCity, CustomerState, CustomerZIPCode, TagNumber, " +
                       "Condition, TankLevel, MileageStart, StartDate, RateApplied, OrderStatus) VALUES(N'" +
                       txtRentStartProcessedBy.Text + "', N'" + txtRentStartProcessedBy.Text + "', N'" +
                       txtCustomerFirstName.Text + "', N'" + txtCustomerLastName.Text + "', N'" +
                       txtCustomerAddress.Text + "', N'" + txtCustomerCity.Text + "', N'" +
                       cbxCustomerStates.Text + "', N'" + txtCustomerZIPCode.Text + "', N'" +
                       txtTagNumber.Text + "', N'" + cbxConditions.Text + "', N'" + cbxTankLevels.Text +
                       "', N'" + txtMileageStart.Text + "', N'" + dtpStartDate.Value.ToShortDateString() + "', " +
                       double.Parse(txtRateApplied.Text) + ", N'" + cbxOrdersStatus.Text + "');",
                                               scBethesdaCarRental);
   
                   scBethesdaCarRental.Open();
                   cmdRentalOrders.ExecuteNonQuery();
   
                   MessageBox.Show("A new rental order has been created.",
                                   "Bethesda Car Rental",
                                   MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
               }
   }

Besides being used as intermediary for data entry, a view can be specially created to update one or more records of a table.

1. Click inside the SQL Query window and press Ctrl + A
2. To create a view, type the following code:

   USE BethesdaCarRental1;
   GO
   
   CREATE VIEW Transactions.RentalOrdersUpdates
   AS
       SELECT RentStartProcessedBy,
   	   RentEndProcessedBy,
   	   CustomerFirstName,
   	   CustomerLastName,
   	   CustomerAddress,
   	   CustomerCity,
   	   CustomerState,
   	   CustomerZIPCode,
   	   Condition,
   	   TankLevel,
   	   MileageStart,
   	   MileageEnd,
   	   MileageTotal,
   	   StartDate,
   	   EndDate,
   	   TotalDays,
   	   RateApplied,
   	   SubTotal,
   	   TaxRate,
   	   TaxAmount,
   	   OrderTotal,
   	   OrderStatus,
   	   Notes
       FROM Transactions.RentalOrders;
   GO

3. Right-click inside the SQL Query window and click Execute
4. Display the Update Rental Orders form and double-click the Update Rental Order button
5. Implement the event as follows:

   private void btnUpdateRentalOrder_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
   {
       if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(txtRentEndProcessedBy.Text))
       {
           MessageBox.Show("You must specify the employee who processed the rental return.",
                           "Bethesda Car Rental",
                           MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
           return;
       }
   
       if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(txtMileageEnd.Text))
       {
           MessageBox.Show("You must specify the mileage end of the rented car.",
                           "Bethesda Car Rental",
                           MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
           return;
       }
   
       using (SqlConnection scBethesdaCarRental =
           new SqlConnection("Data Source=(local);" +
                             "Database='BethesdaCarRental1';" +
                             "Integrated Security=yes;"))
       {
           SqlCommand cmdRentalOrders =
               new SqlCommand("UPDATE Transactions.RentalOrders " +
                              "SET RentStartProcessedBy = N'" + txtRentStartProcessedBy.Text +  "', " +
                              "    RentEndProcessedBy   = N'" + txtRentStartProcessedBy.Text + "', " +
                              "    CustomerFirstName    = N'" + txtCustomerFirstName.Text + "', " +
                              "    CustomerLastName     = N'" + txtCustomerLastName.Text + "', " +
                              "    CustomerAddress      = N'" + txtCustomerAddress.Text + "', " +
                              "    CustomerCity         = N'" + txtCustomerCity.Text + "', " +
                              "    CustomerState        = N'" + cbxCustomerStates.Text + "', " +
                              "    CustomerZIPCode      = N'" + txtCustomerZIPCode.Text + "', " +
                              "    TagNumber            = N'" + txtTagNumber.Text + "', " +
                              "    Condition            = N'" + cbxConditions.Text + "', " +
                              "    TankLevel            = N'" + cbxTankLevels.Text + "', " +
                              "    MileageStart         = " + txtMileageStart.Text + ", " +
                              "    MileageEnd           = " + txtMileageEnd.Text + ", " +
                              "    MileageTotal         = " + txtMileageTotal.Text + ", " +
                              "    StartDate            = N'" + dtpStartDate.Value.ToShortDateString() + "', " +
                              "    EndDate              = N'" + dtpEndDate.Value.ToShortDateString() + "', " +
                              "    TotalDays            = " + txtTotalDays.Text + ", " +
                              "    RateApplied          = " + txtRateApplied.Text + ", " +
                              "    SubTotal             = " + txtSubTotal.Text + ", " +
                              "    TaxRate              = " + txtTaxRate.Text + ", " +
                              "    TaxAmount            = " + txtTaxAmount.Text + ", " +
                              "    OrderTotal           = " + txtOrderTotal.Text + ", " +
                              "    OrderStatus          = N'" + cbxOrdersStatus.Text + "', " +
                              "    Notes                = N'" + txtNotes.Text + "' " +
                              "WHERE ReceiptNumber      = " + txtReceiptNumber.Text + ";",
                                       scBethesdaCarRental);
   
           scBethesdaCarRental.Open();
           cmdRentalOrders.ExecuteNonQuery();
   
           MessageBox.Show("The rental order has been updated.",
                           "Bethesda Car Rental",
                           MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
       }
   
       btnResetForm_Click(sender, e);
   }

6. Display the Bethesda Car Rental form and double-click the Vehicles button
7. Implement the event as follows:

   private void btnCars_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
   {
       Vehicles cs = new Vehicles();
       cs.Show();
   }

8. Execute the application and click the Vehicles button
9. Close the form and return to your programming environment
10. If necessary, start Microsoft Visual Studio and open the Bethesda Car Rental Application from the previous lesson (if you had closed the project, in the Server Explorer, right-click the BethesdaCarRental3 connection and click New Query).
    Click inside the SQL Query window and press Ctrl + A
11. To create a view, type the following code:

    USE BethesdaCarRental1;
    GO
    
    CREATE VIEW Transactions.RentalOrdersPreviews
    AS
        SELECT RentStartProcessedBy,
    	   RentEndProcessedBy,
    	   CustomerFirstName,
    	   CustomerLastName,
    	   CustomerAddress,
    	   CustomerCity,
    	   CustomerState,
    	   CustomerZIPCode,
    	   TagNumber,
    	   Condition,
    	   TankLevel,
    	   MileageStart,
    	   MileageEnd,
    	   MileageTotal,
    	   StartDate,
    	   EndDate,
    	   TotalDays,
    	   RateApplied,
    	   SubTotal,
    	   TaxRate,
    	   TaxAmount,
    	   OrderTotal,
    	   OrderStatus,
    	   Notes,
    	   RentalOrderNumber
        FROM Transactions.RentalOrders;
    GO

12. Right-click inside the document and click Execute

An expression can be used to combine a column and a constant value, or more than one column to get a new column that presents some values to the user.

1. Click inside the SQL Query window and press Ctrl + A
2. To create views, type the following code:

   USE BethesdaCarRental1;
   GO
   
   CREATE VIEW HumanResources.Clerks
   AS
       SELECT EmployeeNumber,
   	   FirstName + N' ' + LastName AS Clerk
       FROM HumanResources.Employees;
   GO
   
   CREATE VIEW Assets.VehiclesSelected
   AS
       SELECT TagNumber,
   	   Make + N' ' + Model AS Vehicle
       FROM Assets.Cars;
   GO

3. Right-click inside the document and click Execute
4. Display the New Rental Order form and click the Employee # text box
5. In the Properties window, click the Events button if necessary and double-click Leave
6. Implement the event as follows:

   private void txtRentStartProcessedBy_Leave(object sender, EventArgs e)
   {
       using (SqlConnection scBethesdaCarRental =
       		new SqlConnection("Data Source=(local);" +
                                      "Database=BethesdaCarRental;" +
                                      "Integrated Security=Yes;"))
       {
           SqlCommand cmdClerks =
               new SqlCommand("SELECT Clerk " +
                              "FROM HumanResources.Clerks " +
                              "WHERE EmployeeNumber = N'" + txtRentStartProcessedBy.Text + "';",
                              scBethesdaCarRental);
           scBethesdaCarRental.Open();
           SqlDataReader sdrClerks = cmdClerks.ExecuteReader();
   
           while(sdrClerks.Read())
               txtRentStartEmployeeName.Text = sdrClerks[0].ToString();
       }
   }

7. Return to the New Rental Order form and click the Tag Number text box
8. In the Events section of the Properties window, double-click Leave and implement the event as follows:

   private void txtTagNumber_Leave(object sender, EventArgs e)
   {
       using (SqlConnection scBethesdaCarRental =
       		new SqlConnection("Data Source=(local);" +
                                      "Database=BethesdaCarRental1;" +
                                      "Integrated Security=Yes;"))
       {
           SqlCommand cmdVehicles =
               new SqlCommand("SELECT Vehicle " +
                              "FROM Assets.VehiclesSelected " +
                              "WHERE TagNumber = N'" + txtTagNumber.Text + "';",
                              scBethesdaCarRental);
           scBethesdaCarRental.Open();
           SqlDataReader sdrVehicles = cmdVehicles.ExecuteReader();
   
           while (sdrVehicles.Read())
               txtVehicleSelected.Text = sdrVehicles[0].ToString();
       }
   }

9. Display the Update Rental Order form and click the Employee # text box under Rent Start Processed By
10. In the Events  section of the Properties window, double-click Leave
11. Implement the event as follows:

    private void txtRentStartProcessedBy_Leave(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        using (SqlConnection scBethesdaCarRental =
        		new SqlConnection("Data Source=(local);" +
                                       "Database=BethesdaCarRental1;" +
                                       "Integrated Security=Yes;"))
        {
            SqlCommand cmdClerks =
                new SqlCommand("SELECT Clerk " +
                               "FROM HumanResources.Clerks " +
                           "WHERE EmployeeNumber = N'" + txtRentStartProcessedBy.Text + "';",
                               scBethesdaCarRental);
            scBethesdaCarRental.Open();
            SqlDataReader sdrClerks = cmdClerks.ExecuteReader();
    
            while(sdrClerks.Read())
                txtRentStartEmployeeName.Text = sdrClerks[0].ToString();
        }
    }

12. Return to the Update Rental Order form and click the Employee # text box under Rent End Processed By
13. In the Events  section of the Properties window, double-click Leave
14. Implement the event as follows:

    private void txtRentEndProcessedBy_Leave(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        using (SqlConnection scBethesdaCarRental =
        		new SqlConnection("Data Source=(local);" +
                                       "Database=BethesdaCarRental1;" +
                                       "Integrated Security=Yes;"))
        {
            SqlCommand cmdClerks =
                new SqlCommand("SELECT Clerk " +
                               "FROM HumanResources.Clerks " +
                             "WHERE EmployeeNumber = N'" + txtRentEndProcessedBy.Text + "';",
                               scBethesdaCarRental);
            scBethesdaCarRental.Open();
            SqlDataReader sdrClerks = cmdClerks.ExecuteReader();
    
            while(sdrClerks.Read())
                txtRentEndEmployeeName.Text = sdrClerks[0].ToString();
        }
    }

15. Return to the Update Rental Order form and click the Tag Number text box
16. In the Events section of the Properties window, double-click Leave and implement the event as follows:

    private void txtTagNumber_Leave(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        using (SqlConnection scBethesdaCarRental =
        		new SqlConnection("Data Source=(local);" +
                                       "Database=BethesdaCarRental1;" +
                                       "Integrated Security=Yes;"))
        {
            SqlCommand cmdVehicles =
                new SqlCommand("SELECT Vehicle " +
                               "FROM Assets.VehiclesSelected " +
                               "WHERE TagNumber = N'" + txtTagNumber.Text + "';",
                               scBethesdaCarRental);
            scBethesdaCarRental.Open();
            SqlDataReader sdrVehicles = cmdVehicles.ExecuteReader();
    
            while (sdrVehicles.Read())
                txtVehicleSelected.Text = sdrVehicles[0].ToString();
        }
    }

17. Return to the Update Rental Order form and double-click the Open button
18. Implement the event as follows:

    private void btnOpen_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        using (SqlConnection scBethesdaCarRental =
                new SqlConnection("Data Source=(local);" +
                                   "Database=BethesdaCarRental1;" +
                                   "Integrated Security=Yes;"))
        {
            SqlCommand cmdRentalOrders =
                new SqlCommand("SELECT RentStartProcessedBy, RentEndProcessedBy, " +
                               "       CustomerFirstName, CustomerLastName, " +
                               "       CustomerAddress, CustomerCity, CustomerState, " +
                               "       CustomerZIPCode, TagNumber, Condition, TankLevel, " +
                               "       MileageStart, MileageEnd, MileageTotal, StartDate, " +
                               "       EndDate, TotalDays, RateApplied, SubTotal, TaxRate, " +
                               "       TaxAmount, OrderTotal, OrderStatus, Notes " +
                               "FROM Transactions.RentalOrdersPreviews " +
                               "WHERE ReceiptNumber = " + txtReceiptNumber.Text + ";",
                               scBethesdaCarRental);
            scBethesdaCarRental.Open();
            SqlDataAdapter sdaRentalOrders = new SqlDataAdapter(cmdRentalOrders);
            DataSet dsRentalOrders = new DataSet("RentalOrdersSet");
            sdaRentalOrders.Fill(dsRentalOrders);
    
            foreach (DataRow drRentalOrder in dsRentalOrders.Tables[0].Rows)
            {
                txtRentStartProcessedBy.Text = drRentalOrder["RentStartProcessedBy"].ToString();
                txtRentEndProcessedBy.Text   = drRentalOrder["RentEndProcessedBy"].ToString();
                txtCustomerFirstName.Text    = drRentalOrder["CustomerFirstName"].ToString();
                txtCustomerLastName.Text     = drRentalOrder["CustomerLastName"].ToString();
                txtCustomerAddress.Text      = drRentalOrder["CustomerAddress"].ToString();
                txtCustomerCity.Text         = drRentalOrder["CustomerCity"].ToString();
                cbxCustomerStates.Text       = drRentalOrder["CustomerState"].ToString();
                txtCustomerZIPCode.Text      = drRentalOrder["CustomerZIPCode"].ToString();
                txtTagNumber.Text            = drRentalOrder["TagNumber"].ToString();
                cbxConditions.Text           = drRentalOrder["Condition"].ToString();
                cbxTankLevels.Text           = drRentalOrder["TankLevel"].ToString();
                txtMileageStart.Text         = drRentalOrder["MileageStart"].ToString();
                txtMileageEnd.Text           = drRentalOrder["MileageEnd"].ToString();
                txtMileageTotal.Text         = drRentalOrder["MileageTotal"].ToString();
                dtpStartDate.Text            = drRentalOrder["StartDate"].ToString();
                dtpEndDate.Text  	         = drRentalOrder["EndDate"].ToString();
                txtTotalDays.Text   	 = drRentalOrder["TotalDays"].ToString();
                txtRateApplied.Text	     	 = drRentalOrder["RateApplied"].ToString();
                txtSubTotal.Text		 = drRentalOrder["SubTotal"].ToString();
                txtTaxRate.Text		 = drRentalOrder["TaxRate"].ToString();
                txtTaxAmount.Text		 = drRentalOrder["TaxAmount"].ToString();
                txtOrderTotal.Text		 = drRentalOrder["OrderTotal"].ToString();
                cbxOrdersStatus.Text	 = drRentalOrder["OrderStatus"].ToString();
                txtNotes.Text		 = drRentalOrder["Notes"].ToString();
            }
        }
    
        txtRentStartProcessedBy_Leave(sender, e);
        txtRentEndProcessedBy_Leave(sender, e);
        txtTagNumber_Leave(sender, e);
    }

A function can be called in a view to create better columns to present records to a user.

1. Click inside the SQL Query window and press Ctrl + A
2. To create a view, type the following code:

   USE BethesdaCarRental1;
   GO
   
   CREATE VIEW HumanResources.StaffMembers
   AS
       SELECT empls.EmployeeNumber [Employee #],
   	   CONCAT(empls.FirstName, N' ', empls.LastName) [Employee Name],
   	   empls.Title,
   	   empls.PhoneNumber    [Phone #]
       FROM HumanResources.Employees empls
   GO

3. Right-click inside the document and click Execute
4. To create a new form, in the Solution Explorer, right-click BethedaCarRental1 -> Add -> Windows Form...
5. Set the Name to Employees
6. Click Add
7. Design the form as follows:
    

   Control (Name) Text TextAlign DataGridView dgvEmployees     Button btnClose Close

8. Double-click an unoccupied area of the form
9. Return to the form and double-click the Close button
10. change the document as follows:

    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.ComponentModel;
    using System.Data;
    using System.Drawing;
    using System.Linq;
    using System.Text;
    using System.Threading.Tasks;
    using System.Windows.Forms;
    using System.Data.SqlClient;
    
    namespace BethesdaCarRental2
    {
        public partial class Employees : Form
        {
            public Employees()
            {
                InitializeComponent();
            }
    
            private void ShowEmployees()
            {
                using (SqlConnection scBethesdaCarRental = new SqlConnection("Data Source=(local);" +
                                                                        "Database=BethesdaCarRental1;" +
                                                                        "Integrated Security=Yes;"))
                {
                    SqlCommand cmdEmployees = new SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM HumanResources.StaffMembers;",
                                                                 scBethesdaCarRental);
                    scBethesdaCarRental.Open();
                    SqlDataAdapter sdaEmployees = new SqlDataAdapter(cmdEmployees);
                    DataSet dsEmployees = new DataSet("StaffMembersSet");
                    sdaEmployees.Fill(dsEmployees);
                    dgvEmployees.DataSource = dsEmployees.Tables[0];
                }
            }
    
            private void Employees_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
            {
                ShowEmployees();
            }
    
            private void btnClose_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
            {
                Close();
            }
        }
    }

11. Display the Bethesda Car Rental form and double-click the Employees button
12. Implement the event as follows:

    private void btnEmployees_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        Employees empls = new Employees();
        empls.Show();
    }

13. Click inside the SQL Query window and press Ctrl + A
14. To create a view, type the following code:

    USE BethesdaCarRental1;
    GO
    
    CREATE VIEW Transactions.RentalContracts
    AS
        SELECT Ros.ReceiptNumber [Recept #],
    	   CONCAT(RSClerks.EmployeeNumber, N': ', RSClerks.FirstName, N', ', RSClerks.LastName) [Rent Start Clerk],
    	   CONCAT(REClerks.EmployeeNumber, N': ', REClerks.FirstName, N' ', REClerks.LastName) [Rent End Clerk], 
    	   CONCAT(Ros.CustomerFirstName, N' ', Ros.CustomerLastName) Customer,
    	   CONCAT(Cs.TagNumber, N': ', Cs.Make, N' ', Cs.Model) Vehicle,
    	   Ros.Condition,
    	   Ros.TankLevel Tank,
    	   Ros.MileageStart [Mileage Start],
    	   Ros.MileageEnd [Mileage End],
    	   Ros.MileageTotal [Mileage Total],
    	   Ros.StartDate [Start Date],
    	   Ros.EndDate [End Date],
    	   Ros.TotalDays Days,
    	   ros.RateApplied Rate,
    	   Ros.SubTotal [Sub-Total],
    	   Ros.TaxRate [Tax Rate],
    	   Ros.TaxAmount [Tax Amount],
    	   Ros.OrderTotal [Order Total],
    	   Ros.OrderStatus [Status]
        FROM Transactions.RentalOrders Ros
        INNER JOIN HumanResources.Employees RSClerks ON Ros.RentStartProcessedBy = RSClerks.EmployeeNumber
        INNER JOIN HumanResources.Employees REClerks ON Ros.RentEndProcessedBy = REClerks.EmployeeNumber
        INNER JOIN Assets.Vehicles Cs ON Ros.TagNumber = Cs.TagNumber;
    GO

15. Right-click inside the document and click Execute
16. To create a new form, in the Solution Explorer, right-click BethedaCarRental1 -> Add -> Windows Form...
17. Set the Name to RentalOrders
18. Click Add
19. Design the form as follows:
     

    Control (Name) Text Other Properties Data Grid View dgvRentalOrders   Anchor: Top, Bottom, Left, Right ColumnHeadersHeightSizeMode: EnableResizing Button btnNewRentalOrder New Rental Order ... Anchor: Bottom, Right Button btnUpdateRentalOrder Return Car/Update Rental Order ... Anchor: Bottom, Right Button btnClose Close Anchor: Bottom, Right

20. Double-click an unoccupied area of the form
21. Change the document as follows:

    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.ComponentModel;
    using System.Data;
    using System.Drawing;
    using System.Linq;
    using System.Text;
    using System.Threading.Tasks;
    using System.Windows.Forms;
    using System.Data.SqlClient;
    
    namespace BethesdaCarRental2
    {
        public partial class RentalOrders : Form
        {
            public RentalOrders()
            {
                InitializeComponent();
            }
    
            private void ShowRentalOrders()
            {
                using (SqlConnection scBethesdaCarRental = new SqlConnection("Data Source=(local);" +
                                                                        "Database=BethesdaCarRental1;" +
                                                                        "Integrated Security=Yes;"))
                {
                    SqlCommand cmdRentalOrders = new SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM Transactions.RentalContracts;",
                                                                 scBethesdaCarRental);
                    scBethesdaCarRental.Open();
                    SqlDataAdapter sdaRentalOrders = new SqlDataAdapter(cmdRentalOrders);
                    DataSet dsRentalOrders = new DataSet("RentalOrdersSet");
                    sdaRentalOrders.Fill(dsRentalOrders);
                    dgvRentalOrders.DataSource = dsRentalOrders.Tables[0];
                }
            }
    
            private void RentalOrders_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
            {
                ShowRentalOrders();
            }
        }
    }

22. Return to the Rental Orders form and double-click the New Rental Order button
23. Implement the event as follows:

    private void btnNewRentalOrder_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        NewRentalOrder nro = new NewRentalOrder();
        nro.ShowDialog();
    
        ShowRentalOrders();
    }

24. Return to the Rental Orders form and double-click the Update Rental Order button
25. Implement the event as follows:

    private void btnUpdateRentalOrder_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        UpdateRentalOrder uro = new UpdateRentalOrder();
        uro.ShowDialog();
    
        ShowRentalOrders();
    }

1. Return to the Rental Orders form and double-click the Close button
2. Implement the event as follows:

   private void btnClose_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
   {
       Close();
   }

3. Display the Bethesda Car Rental form and double-click the Rental Orders button
4. Implement the event as follows:

   private void btnRentalOrders_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
   {
       RentalOrders ros = new RentalOrders();
       ros.Show();
   }

5. Return to the Bethesda Car Rental form and double-click the Close Order button
6. Implement the event as follows:

   private void btnClose_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
   {
       Close();
   }