As you can see, the String class implements:
Based on this, the String class holds a special position in LINQ. If you create a LINQ statement whose select expression produces a string value, the String class makes available its properties and methods so you can use them to refine your where statement.
We saw how you can use one value that is a member of an object of a class as produced by a select statement: var lastNames = from n
in empls
select n.LastName;
To add other values to the select statement, that is, to access more that one member of the class, you can concatenate them. The String class provides various solutions. The String class is equipped with the Concat() method that is overloaded with 10 versions. You can use any of those versions to add strings. Here is an example: using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Collections.Generic;
public class Exercise : Form
{
Button btnShow;
ListBox lbxEmployees;
Employee[] employees;
public Exercise()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
void InitializeComponent()
{
employees = new Employee[10];
btnShow = new Button();
btnShow.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(12, 8);
btnShow.Width = 75;
btnShow.Text = "Show";
btnShow.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.btnShowClick);
lbxEmployees = new ListBox();
lbxEmployees.Location = new Point(12, 40);
lbxEmployees.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(180, 80);
Size = new System.Drawing.Size(210, 150);
Controls.Add(btnShow);
Controls.Add(lbxEmployees);
Text = "Employees";
}
private void btnShowClick(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
employees = new Employee[]
{
new Employee(971974, "Patricia", "Katts", 24.68M),
new Employee(208411, "Raymond", "Kouma", 20.15M),
new Employee(279374, "Hél�ne", "Mukoko", 15.55M),
new Employee(707912, "Bertrand", "Yamaguchi", 24.68M),
new Employee(971394, "Gertrude", "Monay", 20.55M)
};
var empls = from staffMembers
in employees
select string.Concat(staffMembers.EmployeeNumber.ToString(), ", ",
staffMembers.FirstName, " ",
staffMembers.LastName, ", ",
staffMembers.HourlySalary.ToString());
foreach (var empl in empls)
lbxEmployees.Items.Add(empl);
}
[STAThread]
public static int Main()
{
System.Windows.Forms.Application.Run(new Exercise());
return 0;
}
}
public class Employee
{
public int EmployeeNumber;
public string FirstName;
public string LastName;
public decimal HourlySalary;
public Employee(int number = 0,
string firstName = "John",
string lastName = "Doe",
decimal salary = 0M)
{
EmployeeNumber = number;
FirstName = firstName;
LastName = lastName;
HourlySalary = salary;
}
internal string GetFullName()
{
return LastName + ", " + FirstName;
}
}
This would produce:
Alternatively, you can use the + operator that is overloaded in the string class. Here is an example: using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace LINQFundamentals
{
public class Employee
{
public int EmployeeNumber;
public string FirstName;
public string LastName;
public double HourlySalary;
}
public partial class Exercise : Form
{
public Exercise()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
private void btnShow_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
var empls = new Employee[5];
. . . No Change
var fullNames = from n
in empls
select n.LastName + ", " + n.FirstName;
foreach (var member in fullNames)
lbxEmployees.Items.Add(member);
}
}
}
This would produce:
In the same way, you can use any of the regular C# operators to produce any result of your choice. For example, when studying strings, we saw that you could use the + operator to combine strings. Two other solutions consist of using either the Format() of the Join() methods (of the String class).
Like all classes of the .NET Framework, the String class inherits the Equals() method of the Object class. This makes it possible to compare two strings for equality. Besides the Equals() method, the == operator is overloaded in the String class and has the same effect. Here is an example of using it: private void Exercise_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
var names = new[]
{
"Hermine", "Patrick", "Hank", "Bertine",
"Julius", "Thomas", "Jeannette", "Patrick",
"Patrick", "Raul", "David", "Paulette"
};
var name = from n
in names
where n == "Patrick"
select n;
foreach (var member in name)
lbxNames.Items.Add(member);
}
This would produce:
if you are working on a class, you can apply the equality operator on one of its properties. Here is an example: private void btnShowClick(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
employees = new Employee[]
{
new Employee(971974, "Patricia", "Katts", 24.68M),
new Employee(208411, "Raymond", "Kouma", 20.15M),
new Employee(279374, "Hél�ne", "Mukoko", 15.55M),
new Employee(707912, "Bertrand", "Yamaguchi", 24.68M),
new Employee(294800, "Peter", "Mukoko", 18.85M),
new Employee(971394, "Gertrude", "Monay", 20.55M)
};
var fullNames = from empls
in employees
where empls.LastName == "Mukoko"
select empls.LastName + ", " + empls.FirstName;
foreach (var empl in fullNames)
lbxEmployees.Items.Add(empl);
}
This would produce:
On the other hand, to find out if two strings are not equal, you can use the != operator.
The String class is equipped with various types of methods to work on sub-strings. To get a list of strings that start with a certain letter or a sub-string, you can call the StartsWith() method. This is a Boolean method that is overloaded with three versions. One of the versions takes one argument that is the sub-string to find at the beginning of the string that calls it. Here is an example: private void Exercise_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
var name = new[]
{
"Hermine", "Patrick", "Hank", "Bertine",
"Julius", "Thomas", "Jeannette", "Patricia",
"Henriette", "Raul", "David", "Paulette"
};
var names = from n
in name
where n.StartsWith("P")
select n;
foreach (var member in names)
lbxStrings.Items.Add(member);
}
This would produce:
The String.StartsWith() method returns true if the variable that called it starts with the argument. You can negate the result to find the strings that don't start with the argument. To do this, apply the ! operation. Here is an example: private void Exercise_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
var name = new[]
{
"Hermine", "Patrick", "Hank", "Bertine",
"Julius", "Thomas", "Jeannette", "Patricia",
"Henriette", "Raul", "David", "Paulette"
};
var names = from n
in name
where !n.StartsWith("P")
select n;
foreach (var member in names)
lbxNames.Items.Add(member);
}
This would produce:
To make the expression easy to read, you should include it in parentheses. Here is an example: private void Exercise_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
var name = new[]
{
"Hermine", "Patrick", "Hank", "Bertine",
"Julius", "Thomas", "Jeannette", "Patricia",
"Henriette", "Raul", "David", "Paulette"
};
var names = from n
in name
where !(n.StartsWith("P"))
select n;
foreach (var member in names)
lbxNames.Items.Add(member);
}
To get a list of strings that end with a certain letter or sub-string, you would call the String.EndsWith() method. Here is an example: private void Exercise_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
var name = new[]
{
"Hermine", "Patrick", "Hank", "Bertine",
"Julius", "Thomas", "Jeannette", "Patricia",
"Henriette", "Raul", "David", "Paulette"
};
var names = from n
in name
where n.EndsWith("ette")
select n;
foreach (var member in names)
lbxStrings.Items.Add(member);
}
This would produce:
To negate this operation, apply the ! operator to it.
In the same way, to get a select list of strings that contain a certain symbol or sub-string, you can call the String.Contains() method as follows: private void Exercise_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
var name = new[]
{
"Hermine", "Patrick", "Hank", "Bertine",
"Julius", "Thomas", "Jeannette", "Patricia",
"Henriette", "Raul", "David", "Paulette"
};
var names = from n
in name
where n.Contains("au")
select n;
foreach (var member in names)
lbxStrings.Items.Add(member);
}
This would produce:
Because the String.Contains() method is Boolean, to negate its result, you can precede it with the ! operator.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
