Microsoft Visual C++/CLI Collections: Dictionary-Based Collection Classes

	Visual C++/CLI Collections: Dictionary-Based Collection Classes

Description

A dictionary is a list of items with the following two rules:

Each item is a combination of a key and a value. An item can be made of three parts: a key, a value, and a correspondence between them. The correspondence can be represented by the assignment operator: Key=Value. In some environments, the = operator is used. In some others, the : operator is used. Yet in some others, there is no actual operator that joins both sides but you must know that the key and the value go in pair
As each item is a combination of a key and a value, each key must be unique. The list of items in the dictionary can be very huge, sometimes in the thousands or even millions. Among the items, each key must be distinct from any other key in the dictionary

In some cases, in addition to these two rules, the items should - in some cases must - be ordered. To order the items, the keys are used. Because in most cases a dictionary is made of words, the keys are ordered in alphabetical order. A dictionary can also be made of items whose keys are date values. In this case, the items would be ordered in chronological order.

There are various types of dictionary types of list used in daily life. The word "dictionary" here does not imply the traditional dictionary that holds the words and their meanings in the English language. The concept is applied in various scenarios.

Practical Learning: Introducing Dictionary Collections

Start Microsoft Visual Studio
Create a new Windows Application named BethesdaCarRental1
To add a new form to the project, in the Solution Explorer, right-click BethesdaCarRental1 -> Add -> New Item...
Click Windows Form.
Set the Name to RentalRates and press Enter

Add a ListView to the form and create its Columns as follows:

(Name)	Text	TextAlign	Width
colCategory	Category		90
colDaily	Daily	Right
colWeekly	Weekly	Right
colMonthly	Monthly	Right
colWeekend	Weekend	Right

Create its Items as follows:

ListViewItem	SubItems	SubItems	SubItems	SubItems
	Text	Text	Text	Text
Economy	35.95	32.75	28.95	24.95
Compact	39.95	35.75	32.95	28.95
Standard	45.95	39.75	35.95	32.95
Full Size	49.95	42.75	38.95	35.95
Mini Van	55.95	50.75	45.95	42.95
SUV	55.95	50.75	45.95	42.95
Truck	42.75	38.75	35.95	32.95
Van	69.95	62.75	55.95	52.95

Complete the design of the form as follows:
To add a new form to the application, in the Solution Explorer, right-click BethesdaCarRental1 -> Add -> New Item...
Click Windows Form and set the Name to Employees
Click Add
From the Toolbox, add a ListView to the form

While the new list view is still selected, in the Properties window, click the ellipsis button of the Columns field and create the columns as follows:

(Name)	Text	TextAlign	Width
colEmployeeNumber	Empl #		45
colFirstName	First Name		65
colLastName	Last Name		65
colFullName	Full Name		140
colTitle	Title		120
colHourlySalary	Hourly Salary	Right	75

Design the form as follows:

Control	Text	Name	Other Properties
ListView		lvwEmployees	Anchor: Top, Bottom, Left, Right FullRowSelect: True GridLines: True View: Details
Button	New Employee...	btnNewEmployee
Button	Close	btnClose

To add another form to the application, in the Solution Explorer, right- click BethesdaCarRental1 -> Add -> New Item...
Click Windows Form and set the Name to EmployeeEditor
Click Add

Design the form as follows:

Control	Text	Name	Properties
Label	&Employee #:
MaskedTextBox		txtEmployeeNumber	Mask: 00-000 Modifiers: public
Label	First Name:
TextBox		txtFirstName	Modifiers: public
Label	Last Name:
TextBox		txtLastName	Modifiers: public
Label	Full Name:
TextBox		txtFullName	Enabled: False Modifiers: public
Label	Title:
TextBox		txtTitle	Modifiers: public
Label	Hourly Salary:
TextBox		txtHourlySalary	Modifiers: public TextAlign: Right
Button	OK	btnOK	DialogResult: OK
Button	Cancel	btnCancel	DialogResult: Cancel
Form			AcceptButton: btnOK CancelButton: btnCancel FormBorderStyle: FixedDialog MaximizeBox: False MinimizeBox: False ShowInTaskbar: False

Click the Last Name text box
In the Properties window, click the Events button and double-click Leave

Implement the event as follows:

// This code is used to create and display the customer's full name
System::Void txtLastName_Leave(System::Object^  sender,
			System::EventArgs^  e)
{
    String ^ strFirstName = txtFirstName->Text;
    String ^ strLastName = txtLastName->Text;
    String ^ strFullName;

    if (strFirstName->Length == 0)
        strFullName = strLastName;
    else
        strFullName = strLastName + L", " + strFirstName;

    txtFullName->Text = strFullName;
}

To add a new class to the project, in the Class View, right- click BethesdaCarRental1 -> Add -> Class...
Click C++ Class
Click Add
Set the Class Name to CEmployee
Click Finish

Change the header file as follows:

#pragma once

using namespace System;

[Serializable]
public ref class CEmployee
{
public:
    String ^ FirstName;
    String ^ LastName;
    String ^ Title;
    double HourlySalary;

    property String ^ FullName
    {
        String ^ get()
	{
		return LastName+ L", " + FirstName;
	}
    }

public:
    CEmployee(void);
    CEmployee(String ^ fname, String ^ lname,
              String ^ title, double salary);
};

Change the source file as follows:

#include "StdAfx.h"
#include "Employee.h"

// This default constructor says that
// the employee is not defined
CEmployee::CEmployee(void)
    : FirstName(L"Unknown"),
      LastName(L"Unknown"),
      Title(L"N/A"),
      HourlySalary(0.00)
{
}
        
// This constructor completely defines an employee
CEmployee::CEmployee(System::String ^fname,
		     System::String ^lname,
	 	     System::String ^title,
		     double salary)
    : FirstName(fname),
      LastName(lname),
      Title(title),
      HourlySalary(salary)
{
}

To add a new form to the application, on the main menu, click Project -> Add New Item...
Click Windows Forms
Set the Name to Customers
Press Enter
From the Toolbox, add a ListView to the form

While the new list view is still selected, in the Properties window, click the ellipsis button of the Columns field and create the columns as follows:

(Name)	Text	Width
colDrvLicNbr	Driver's Lic. #	100
colFullName	Full Name	100
colAddress	Address	160
colCity	City	100
colState	State	38
colZIPCode	ZIPCode

Design the form as follows:

Control	Text	Name	Other Properties
ListView		lvwCustomers	View: Details GridLines: True FullRowSelect: True
Button	New Customer...	btnNewCustomer
Button	Close	btnClose

To add another form to the application, on the main menu, click Project -> Add New Item...
Click Windows Forms and cet the Name to CustomerEditor
Click Add

Design the form as follows:

Control	Text	Name	Properties
Label	Driver's Lic. #:
TextBox		txtDrvLicNbr	Modifiers: Public
Label	State:
ComboBox		cbxStates	Modifiers: Public Items: AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY
Label	Full Name:
TextBox		txtFullName	Modifiers: Public
Label	Address:
TextBox		txtAddress	Modifiers: Public
Label	City:
TextBox		txtCity	Modifiers: Public
Label	ZIP Code:
TextBox		txtZIPCode	Modifiers: Public
Button	OK	btnOK	DialogResult: OK
Button	Close	btnCancel	DialogResult: Cancel
Form			AcceptButton: btnOK CancelButton: btnCancel FormBorderStyle: FixedDialog MaximizeBox: False MinimizeBox: False ShowInTaskbar: False

To add a new class to the project, in the Class View, right-click BethesdaCarRental1 -> Add -> Class...
Click C++ Class
Click Add
Set the Class Name to CCustomer
Click Finish

Change the header file as follows:

#pragma once

using namespace System;

[Serializable]
public ref class CCustomer
{
public:
    String ^ FullName;
    String ^ Address;
    String ^ City;
    String ^ State;
    String ^ ZIPCode;

public:
	CCustomer(void);
    CCustomer(String ^ fName,
              String ^ adr, String ^ ct,
              String ^ ste, String ^ zip);
};

Change the source file as follows:

#include "StdAfx.h"
#include "Customer.h"

CCustomer::CCustomer(void)
    : FullName(L""),
      Address(L""),
      City(L""),
      State(L""),
      ZIPCode(L"")
{
}

// This constructor defines a customer
CCustomer::CCustomer(String ^ fName,
                     String ^ adr, String ^ ct,
                     String ^ ste, String ^ zip)
    : FullName(fName),
      Address(adr),
      City(ct),
      State(ste),
      ZIPCode(zip)
{
}

Save all

Copy the following pictures to any folder somewhere on your computer (this is simply an example of preparing the pictures of cars you would include in your database application):


BMW: 335i	Chevrolet Avalanche

Honda Accord	Mazda Miata

Chevrolet Aveo	Ford E150XL

Buick Lacrosse	Honda Civic

Ford F-150	Mazda Mazda5

Volvo S40	Land Rover LR3

Return to your programming environment
To add a new form to the application, in the Solution Explorer, right-click BethesdaCarRental1 -> Add -> New Item...
Click Windows Forms if necessary and set the Name to CarEditor
Click Add

Design the form as follows:

Control	Text	Name	Other Properties
Label	Text #
TextBox		txtTagNumber
Label	Make:
TextBox		txtMake
Label	Model:
TextBox		txtModel
Label	Year:
TextBox		txtYear
Label	Category:
ComboBox		cboCategories	DropDownStyle: DropDownList
ComboBox		cboCategories	Items:	Economy Compact Standard Full Size Mini Van SUV Truck Van
PictureBox		pbxCar	SizeMode: Zoom
CheckBox	CD Player	chkCDPlayer	CheckAlign: MiddleRight
CheckBox	DVD Player	chkDVDPlayer	CheckAlign: MiddleRight
Button	Select Car Picture...	btnSelectPicture
CheckBox	Available	chkAvailable	CheckAlign: MiddleRight
Label	Picture Name	lblPictureName
Button	Submit	btnSubmit
Button	Close	btnClose	DialogResult: Cancel
OpenFileDialog	(Name): dlgOpen Title: Select Item Picture DefaultExt: jpg Filter: JPEG Files (.jpg,.jpeg)\|.jpg\|GIF Files (.gif)\|.gif\|Bitmap Files (.bmp)\|.bmp\|PNG Files (.png)\|*.png
Form			FormBorderStyle: FixedDialog MaximizeBox: False MinimizeBox: False ShowInTaskbar: False

Double-click the Select Car Picture button and implement its event as follows:

System::Void btnSelectPicture_Click(System::Object^  sender, 
				    System::EventArgs^  e)
{
    if (dlgPicture->ShowDialog() == System::Windows::Forms::DialogResult::OK)
    {
        lblPictureName->Text = dlgPicture->FileName;
	pbxCar->Image = Image::FromFile(lblPictureName->Text);
    }
}

To add a new class to the project, in the Class View, right-click BethedaCarRental1 -> Add -> Class...
Click C++ Click
Click Add
Set the Class Name to CCar
Click Add

Change the header file as follows:

#pragma once

using namespace System;

[Serializable]
public ref class CCar
{
public:
    String ^ Make;
    String ^ Model;
    int Year;
    String ^ Category;
    bool HasCDPlayer;
    bool HasDVDPlayer;
    bool IsAvailable;

public:
    CCar(void);
    CCar(String ^ mk, String ^ mdl,
         int yr, String ^ cat, bool cd,
         bool  dvd, bool avl);
};

Change the source file as follows:

#include "StdAfx.h"
#include "Car.h"

CCar::CCar(void)
    : Make(L""),
      Model(L""),
      Year(0),
      Category(L""),
      HasCDPlayer(false),
      HasDVDPlayer(false),
      IsAvailable(false)
{
}

CCar::CCar(System::String ^mk, System::String ^mdl,
		   int yr, System::String ^cat, bool cd,
		   bool dvd, bool avl)
    : Make(mk),
      Model(mdl),
      Year(yr),
      Category(cat),
      HasCDPlayer(cd),
      HasDVDPlayer(dvd),
      IsAvailable(avl)
{
}

To add a new class to the project, in the Class View, right-click BethesdaCarRental -> Add -> Class...
Click C++ Class and click Add
Set the Class Name to CRentalOrder
Press Enter

Change the header file as follows:

#pragma once

using namespace System;

[Serializable]
public ref class CRentalOrder
{
public:
	 String ^ EmployeeNumber;
        // The following flag will allow us to update/know whether
        // * The car is currently being used by the customer.
        //   That is, if the car has been picked up by the customer
        // * The customer has brought the car back
        String ^ OrderStatus;
        // Because every car has a tag number
        // and that tag number will not change
        // during the lifetime of a car (while the car remains with our
	// car rental company, we will 
        // use only the tag number here.
        // The other pieces of information will 
        // be retrieved from the list of cars
        String ^ CarTagNumber;
        // We will identify the customer by the number
        // and the name on his or her driver's license
        String ^ CustomerDrvLicNbr;
        String ^ CustomerName;
        // Although he or she may keep the same driver's 
        // license number for a lifetime, a customer who 
        // rents cars at different times with this company 
	// over months or years may have different addresses.
        // Therefore, although we will primarily retrieve the 
        // customer's address from the list of customers,
        // we will give the clerk the ability to change this 
        // information on a rental order. This means that the 
        // same customer could have different information on 
        // different rental orders.
	// For this reason, each rental order will its own set
	// of these pieces of information
        String ^ CustomerAddress;
        String ^ CustomerCity;
        String ^ CustomerState;
        String ^ CustomerZIPCode;
        String ^ CarCondition;
        String ^ TankLevel;
        // This information will be entered when the car is being rented
        int MileageStart;
        // This information will be entered when the car is brought back
        int MileageEnd;
        // This information will be entered when the car is being rented
        DateTime DateStart;
        // This information will be entered when the car is brought back
        DateTime DateEnd;
        int Days;
        // This information will be entered when the car is being rented
        double RateApplied;
        // This calculation should occur when the car is brought back
        double SubTotal;
        double TaxRate;
        double TaxAmount;
        double OrderTotal;

public:
	CRentalOrder(void);
};

To add a new form to the project, in the Solution Explorer, right-click BethesdaCarRenat1 -> Add -> New Item...
Click Windows Form
Set the Name to OrderProcessing
Press Enter

Design the form as follows:

Control	Text	Name	Other Properties
Label	Processed By:		AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White TextAlign: MiddleLeft
Label	Employee #:
MaskedTextBox		txtEmployeeNumber	Mask: 00-000
Label	Employee Name:
TextBox		txtEmployeeName
Label	Processed For		AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White TextAlign: MiddleLeft
Label	Driver's Lic #:
TextBox		txtDrvLicNumber
Label	Cust Name:
TextBox		txtCustomerName
Label	Address:
TextBox		txtCustomerAddress
Label	City:
TextBox		txtCustomerCity
Label	State:
ComboBox		cbxCustomerStates	DropDownStyle: DropDownList Sorted: True Items: AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY
Label	ZIP Code
TextBox		txtCustomerZIPCode
Label	Car Selected		AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White TextAlign: MiddleLeft
Label	Tag Number:
TextBox		txtTagNumber
Label	Car Condition:
ComboBox		cbxCarConditions	Sorted: True Items: Needs Repair Drivable Excellent
Label	Make:
TextBox		txtMake
Label	Model:
TextBox		txtModel
Label	Year:
TextBox		txtCarYear
label	Tank Level:
ComboBox		cbxTankLevels	Empty 1/4 Empty 1/2 Full 3/4 Full Full
Label	Mileage Start:
TextBox		txtMileageStart	TextAlign: Right
Label	Mileage End:
TextBox		txtMileageEnd	TextAlign: Right
Label	Order Timing		AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White TextAlign: MiddleLeft
Label	Start Date:
DateTimePicker		dtpStartDate
Label	End Date:
DateTimePicker		dtpEndDate
Label	Days:
TextBox	0	txtDays	TextAlign: Right
Label	Order Status
ComboBox		cbxOrderStatus	Items: Car On Road Car Returned Order Reserved
Label	Order Evaluation		AutoSize: False BackColor: Gray BorderStyle: FixedSingle ForeColor: White TextAlign: MiddleLeft
Label	Rate Applied:
TextBox	0.00	txtRateApplied	TextAlign: Right
Button	Rental Rates	btnRentalRates
Label	Sub-Total:
TextBox	0.00	txtSubTotal	TextAlign: Right
Button	Calculate	btnCalculate
Label	Tax Rate:
TextBox	7.75	txtTaxRate	TextAlign: Right
Label	%
Button	Save	btnSave
Label	Tax Amount:
TextBox	0.00	txtTaxAmount	TextAlign: Right
Button	Print...	btnPrint
Label	Order Total:
TextBox	0.00	txtOrderTotal	TextAlign: Right
Button	Print Preview...	btnPrintPreview
Label	Receipt #:
TextBox	0	txtReceiptNumber
Button	Open	btnOpen
Button	New Rental Order/Reset	btnNewRentalOrder
Button	Close	btnClose

On the Order Processing form, double-click the Start Date date time picker control

Implement the event as follows:

System::Void dtpStartDate_ValueChanged(System::Object^  sender, 
					System::EventArgs^  e)
{
    dtpEndDate->Value = dtpStartDate->Value;
}

Return to the Order Processing form and double-click the End Date control

Implement its Click event as follows:

// This event approximately evaluates the number of days as a
// difference between the end date and the starting date
System::Void dtpEndDate_ValueChanged(System::Object^  sender, 
					System::EventArgs^  e)
{
    int days;

    DateTime dteStart = this->dtpStartDate->Value;
    DateTime dteEnd = this->dtpEndDate->Value;

    // Let's calculate the difference in days
    TimeSpan tme = dteEnd - dteStart;
    days = tme.Days;

    // If the customer returns the car the same day, 
    // we consider that the car was rented for 1 day
    if (days == 0)
        days = 1;

    txtDays->Text = days.ToString();
    // At any case, we will let the clerk specify the actual number of days
}

Scroll up on the document

Include the header file for the RentalRates:

#pragma once

#include "RentalRates.h"

using namespace System;
using namespace System::ComponentModel;
using namespace System::Collections;
using namespace System::Windows::Forms;
using namespace System::Data;
using namespace System::Drawing;

Return to the Order Processing form and double-click the Rental Rates button

Implement its event as follows:

System::Void btnRentalRates_Click(System::Object^  sender, 
				  System::EventArgs^  e)
{
    RentalRates ^ wndRates = gcnew RentalRates;
    wndRates->Show();
}

Return to the Order Processing form and double-click the Calculate button

Implement its event as follows:

System::Void btnCalculate_Click(System::Object^  sender, 
				System::EventArgs^  e)
{
    int    Days = 0;
    double RateApplied = 0.00;
    double SubTotal = 0.00;
    double TaxRate = 0.00;
    double TaxAmount = 0.00;
    double OrderTotal = 0.00;

    try
    {
        Days = int::Parse(this->txtDays->Text);
    }
    catch(FormatException ^)
    {
        MessageBox::Show(L"Invalid Number of Days");
    }

    try
    {
        RateApplied = double::Parse(txtRateApplied->Text);
    }
    catch(FormatException ^)
    {
        MessageBox::Show(L"Invalid Amount for Rate Applied");
    }

    SubTotal = Days * RateApplied;
    txtSubTotal->Text = SubTotal.ToString(L"F");

    try
    {
        TaxRate = double::Parse(txtTaxRate->Text);
    }
    catch(FormatException ^)
    {
        MessageBox::Show(L"Invalid Tax Rate");
    }

    TaxAmount = SubTotal * TaxRate / 100;
    txtTaxAmount->Text = TaxAmount.ToString(L"F");

    OrderTotal = SubTotal + TaxAmount;
    txtOrderTotal->Text = OrderTotal.ToString(L"F");
}

Return to the Order Processing form
From the Printing section of the Toolbox, click PrintDocument and click the form
In the Properties window, set its (Name) to docPrint and press Enter

Under the form, double-click docPrint and implement its event as follows:

System::Void docPrint_PrintPage(System::Object^  sender, 
	System::Drawing::Printing::PrintPageEventArgs^  e)
{
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 2), 80, 90, 750, 90);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1), 80, 93, 750, 93);

    String ^ strDisplay = L"Bethesda Car Rental";
    System::Drawing::Font ^ fntString = 
		gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 28,
                        FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(strDisplay, fntString,
                        Brushes::Black, 240, 100);

    strDisplay = L"Car Rental Order";
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 22,
                        FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(strDisplay, fntString,
                        Brushes::Black, 320, 150);

    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1), 80, 187, 750, 187);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 2), 80, 190, 750, 190);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12,
                FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Receipt #:  ", fntString,
                Brushes::Black, 100, 220);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12,
                FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtReceiptNumber->Text, fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 260, 220);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1), 100, 240, 380, 240);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12,
                FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Processed By:  ", fntString,
                Brushes::Black, 420, 220);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12,
                FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtEmployeeName->Text, fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 550, 220);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1), 420, 240, 720, 240);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);

    e->Graphics->FillRectangle(Brushes::Gray,
			 Rectangle(100, 260, 620, 20));
    e->Graphics->DrawRectangle(Pens::Black,
			 Rectangle(100, 260, 620, 20));

    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Customer", fntString,
                                  Brushes::White, 100, 260);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Driver's License #: ", fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 100, 300);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Name: ", fntString,
                                 Brushes::Black, 420, 300);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtDrvLicNumber->Text, fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 260, 300);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtCustomerName->Text, fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 540, 300);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1), 100, 320, 720, 320);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Address: ", fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 100, 330);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtCustomerAddress->Text, fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 260, 330);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1), 
				100, 350, 720, 350);

    strDisplay = txtCustomerCity->Text+ L" " +
                         cbxCustomerStates->Text+ L" " +
                         txtCustomerZIPCode->Text;
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman",
 		12, FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(strDisplay, fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 260, 360);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1), 
				260, 380, 720, 380);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
				FontStyle::Bold);

    e->Graphics->FillRectangle(Brushes::Gray,
		Rectangle(100, 410, 620, 20));
    e->Graphics->DrawRectangle(Pens::Black,
		Rectangle(100, 410, 620, 20));

    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Car Information", fntString,
                                  Brushes::White, 100, 410);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Tag #: ", fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 100, 450);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtTagNumber->Text, fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 260, 450);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1), 
			100, 470, 380, 470);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Year: ", fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 420, 450);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtCarYear->Text, fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 530, 450);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1), 
				420, 470, 720, 470);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Make: ", fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 100, 480);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtMake->Text, fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 260, 480);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1), 
				100, 500, 380, 500);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Model: ", fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 420, 480);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtModel->Text, fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 530, 480);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1), 
				420, 500, 720, 500);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Car Condition: ", fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 100, 510);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(cbxCarConditions->Text, fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 260, 510);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1), 
				100, 530, 380, 530);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Tank Level: ", fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 420, 510);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(cbxTankLevels->Text, fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 530, 510);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1), 
				420, 530, 720, 530);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Mileage Start:", fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 100, 540);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtMileageStart->Text, fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 260, 540);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1), 
				100, 560, 380, 560);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Mileage End:", fntString,
                          Brushes::Black, 420, 540);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
				FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtMileageEnd->Text, fntString,
                          Brushes::Black, 530, 540);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1),
			420, 560, 720, 560);

    e->Graphics->FillRectangle(Brushes::Gray,
			 Rectangle(100, 590, 620, 20));
    e->Graphics->DrawRectangle(Pens::Black,
			 Rectangle(100, 590, 620, 20));

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Order Timing Information", fntString,
                          Brushes::White, 100, 590);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Start Date:", fntString,
                           Brushes::Black, 100, 620);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(dtpStartDate->Value.ToString(L"D"),
			  fntString, Brushes::Black, 260, 620);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1),
			100, 640, 720, 640);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"End Date:", fntString,
                          Brushes::Black, 100, 650);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(dtpEndDate->Value.ToString(L"D"), fntString,
                          Brushes::Black, 260, 650);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1),
			100, 670, 520, 670);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Days:", fntString,
                          Brushes::Black, 550, 650);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtDays->Text, fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 640, 650);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1),
			550, 670, 720, 670);

    e->Graphics->FillRectangle(Brushes::Gray,
			Rectangle(100, 700, 620, 20));
    e->Graphics->DrawRectangle(Pens::Black,
			 Rectangle(100, 700, 620, 20));

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Order Evaluation", fntString,
                          Brushes::White, 100, 700);

    StringFormat ^ fmtString = gcnew StringFormat;
    fmtString->Alignment = StringAlignment::Far;

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Rate Applied:", fntString,
                          Brushes::Black, 100, 740);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtRateApplied->Text, fntString,
                          Brushes::Black, 300, 740, fmtString);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1),
			100, 760, 380, 760);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Tax Rate:", fntString,
                          Brushes::Black, 420, 740);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtTaxRate->Text, fntString,
                          Brushes::Black, 640, 740, fmtString);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"%", fntString,
                          Brushes::Black, 640, 740);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1),
			420, 760, 720, 760);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Sub-Total:", fntString,
                          Brushes::Black, 100, 770);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtSubTotal->Text, fntString,
                          Brushes::Black, 300, 770, fmtString);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1),
			100, 790, 380, 790);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Tax Amount:", fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 420, 770);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtTaxAmount->Text, fntString,
                          Brushes::Black, 640, 770, fmtString);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1),
			420, 790, 720, 790);

    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Bold);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(L"Order Total:", fntString,
                                  Brushes::Black, 420, 800);
    fntString = gcnew System::Drawing::Font(L"Times New Roman", 12, 
					FontStyle::Regular);
    e->Graphics->DrawString(txtOrderTotal->Text, fntString,
                          Brushes::Black, 640, 800, fmtString);
    e->Graphics->DrawLine(gcnew Pen(Color::Black, 1),
			420, 820, 720, 820);
}

Return to the Order Processing form
From the Printing section of the Toolbox, click PrintDialog and click the form
In the Properties window, change its Name to dlgPrint
Still in the Properties windows, set its Document property to docPrint

On the Order Processing form, double-click the Print button and implement its event as follows:

System::Void btnPrint_Click(System::Object^  sender, 
			    System::EventArgs^  e)
{
    if (dlgPrint->ShowDialog() == System::Windows::Forms::DialogResult::OK)
        docPrint->Print();
}

Return to the Order Processing form
From the Printing section of the Toolbox, click PrintPreviewDialog and click the form
In the Properties window, change its (Name) to dlgPrintPreview
Still in the Properties windows, set its Document property to docPrint
On the Order Processing form, double-click the Print Preview button

Implement the event as follows:

System::Void btnPrintPreview_Click(System::Object^  sender, 
				   System::EventArgs^  e)
{
    dlgPrintPreview->ShowDialog();
}

Access the Form1 form and design it as follows:

Control	Text	Name
Button	Customers &Rental Orders	btnRentalOrders
Button	C&ars	btnCars
Button	&Employees	btnEmployees
Button	&Customers	btnCustomers
Button	C&lose	btnClose

Right-click the form and click View Code

In the top section of the file, include the header files of the other forms:

#pragma once

#include "OrderProcessing.h"
#include "CarEditor.h"
#include "Employees.h"
#include "Customers.h"

namespace BethesdaCarRental1 {

	using namespace System;
	using namespace System::ComponentModel;
	using namespace System::Collections;
	using namespace System::Windows::Forms;
	using namespace System::Data;
	using namespace System::Drawing;

Return to the Form1 form

Double-click the Order Processing button and implement its event as follows:

System::Void btnOrderProcessing_Click(System::Object^  sender, 
					System::EventArgs^  e)
{
    OrderProcessing ^ dlgOrder = gcnew OrderProcessing;
    dlgOrder->ShowDialog();
}

Return to the Form1 form

Double-click the Car Editor button and implement its event as follows:

System::Void btnCarEditor_Click(System::Object^  sender, 
				System::EventArgs^  e)
{
    CarEditor ^ dlgCars = gcnew CarEditor;
    dlgCars->ShowDialog();
}

Return to the Form1 form

Double-click the Employees button and implement its event as follows:

System::Void btnEmployees_Click(System::Object^  sender,
			 System::EventArgs^  e)
{
    Employees ^ dlgEmployees = gcnew Employees;
    dlgEmployees->ShowDialog();
}

Return to the Form1 form

Double-click the Customers button and implement its event as follows:

System::Void btnCustomers_Click(System::Object^  sender, 
				System::EventArgs^  e)
{
    Customers ^ dlgCustomers = gcnew Customers;
    dlgCustomers->ShowDialog();
}

Return to the Form1 form

Double-click the Close button and implement its event as follows:

System::Void btnClose_Click(System::Object^  sender, 
			    System::EventArgs^  e)
{
    Close();
}

Save all

Creating a Dictionary-Based Collection Class

To support dictionary-based lists, the .NET Framework provides various interfaces and classes. The interfaces allow you to create your own dictionary type of collection class. The classes allow you to directly create a dictionary-based list with an already built-in functionality. The NET Framework provides support for dictionary-based collections through two classes: Hashtable and SortedList. Both classes implement:

The IDictionary: This makes it possible to use the DictionaryEntry class to access a key/value item
The ICollection: This makes it possible to know the number of items in the list
The IEnumerable: This makes it possible to use the for each loop to enumerate the members of the list
And the ICloneable interfaces.

The Hashtable class implements the ISerializable interface, which makes it possible for the list to be serialized. Still, the SortedList class is marked with the Serializable attribute, which makes it possible to file process its list.

The .NET Framework also provides dictionary-types through generic classes. From the System::Collections::Generic namespace, to create a dictionary type of collection, you can use either the Dictionary, the SortedDictionary, or the SortedList class. The System::Collections::Generic::Dictionary class is equivalent to the System::Collections::Hashtable class. The System::Collections::Generic::SortedList class is equivalent to the System::CollectionsSortedList class. The System::Collections::Generic::SortedDictionary class is equivalent to the System::Collections::Generic::SortedList class with some differences in the way both classes deal with memory management.

If you decide to use either the System::Collections::Generic::Dictionary or the System::Collections::Generic::SortedList class, when declaring the variable, you must remember to specify the name of the class whose collection is being created.

Before using a dictionary-type of list, you can declare a variable using one of the constructors of the class. Here is an example:

#pragma once

#include <windows.h>

#using <System.dll>
#using <System.Drawing.dll>
#using <System.Windows.Forms.dll>

using namespace System;
using namespace System::Drawing;
using namespace System::Collections;
using namespace System::Windows::Forms;

public ref class CExercise : public Form
{
private:
    void InitializeComponent();
    void Start(Object ^ sender, EventArgs ^ e);

public:
    CExercise();
};

CExercise::CExercise()
{
    InitializeComponent();
}

void CExercise::InitializeComponent()
{
    Text = L"Students";
    Size = Drawing::Size(340, 150);
    StartPosition = FormStartPosition::CenterScreen;
    Load += gcnew EventHandler(this, &CExercise::Start);
}

void CExercise::Start(Object ^ sender, EventArgs ^ e)
{
    Hashtable ^ Students = gcnew Hashtable;
}

int APIENTRY WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
					 LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
{
    Application::Run(gcnew CExercise());
    return 0;
}

In this case, the primary list would be empty.

Practical Learning: Creating a Dictionary Variable

In the Solution Explorer, right CarEditor and click View Code

Change the top section of the file as follows:

#pragma once

#include "Car.h"

using namespace System;
using namespace System::ComponentModel;
using namespace System::Collections;
using namespace System::Collections::Generic;
using namespace System::Windows::Forms;
using namespace System::Data;
using namespace System::Drawing;
using namespace System::IO;
using namespace System::Runtime::Serialization::Formatters::Binary;

namespace BethesdaCarRental1 {

	/// <summary>
	/// Summary for CarEditor
	///
	/// WARNING: If you change the name of this class, you will need to change the
	///          'Resource File Name' property for the managed resource compiler tool
	///          associated with all .resx files this class depends on.  Otherwise,
	///          the designers will not be able to interact properly with localized
	///          resources associated with this form.
	/// </summary>
	public ref class CarEditor : public System::Windows::Forms::Form
	{
        Dictionary<String ^, CCar ^> ^ lstCars;

	public:
		CarEditor(void)
		{
			InitializeComponent();
			//
			//TODO: Add the constructor code here
			//
		}

Display the CarEditor form and double-click an unoccupied area of its body

Implement the Load event as follows:

System::Void CarEditor_Load(System::Object^  sender, 
			    System::EventArgs^  e)
{
    CCar ^ vehicle = gcnew CCar;
    BinaryFormatter ^ bfmCars = gcnew BinaryFormatter;

    // This is the file that holds the list of items
    String ^ FileName = L"C:\\Bethesda Car Rental\\Cars.crs";
    lblPictureName->Text = L".";

    if( File::Exists(FileName))
    {
        FileStream ^ stmCars = gcnew FileStream(FileName,
                                                FileMode::Open,
                                                FileAccess::Read,
                                                FileShare::Read);
        try {
            // Retrieve the list of cars
            lstCars  =
		 dynamic_cast<Dictionary<String ^, CCar ^> ^>
			(bfmCars->Deserialize(stmCars));
        }
        finally
        {
            stmCars->Close();
        }
    }
    else
        lstCars = gcnew Dictionary<String ^, CCar ^>;
}

Display the Order Processing form
Right-click the Order Processing form and click View Code

Make the following changes:

#pragma once

#include "RentalRates.h"
#include "RentalOrder.h"
#include "Customer.h"
#include "Employee.h"
#include "Car.h"

using namespace System;
using namespace System::ComponentModel;
using namespace System::Collections;
using namespace System::Collections::Generic;
using namespace System::Windows::Forms;
using namespace System::Data;
using namespace System::Drawing;
using namespace System::IO;
using namespace System::Runtime::Serialization::Formatters::Binary;

namespace BethesdaCarRental1 {

	/// <summary>
	/// Summary for OrderProcessing
	///
	/// WARNING: If you change the name of this class, you will need to change the
	///          'Resource File Name' property for the managed resource compiler tool
	///          associated with all .resx files this class depends on.  Otherwise,
	///          the designers will not be able to interact properly with localized
	///          resources associated with this form.
	/// </summary>
	public ref class OrderProcessing : public System::Windows::Forms::Form
	{
	private:		
        int ReceiptNumber;
System::Collections::Generic::SortedList<int, CRentalOrder ^> ^ lstRentalOrders;

	public:
		OrderProcessing(void)
		{
			InitializeComponent();
			//
			//TODO: Add the constructor code here
			//
		}

Save all