Conditional Conjunctions

Nesting a Conditional Statement

A conditional statement has a body, which is from where the condition is defined to where its behavior ends. In the body of the conditional statement, you can create another conditional statement. This is referred to as nesting the condition. In a method of a class, the condition nesting can be formulated as follows:

if( condition1 )     // The nesting, main, parent, first, or external condition
    if( condition2 ) // The nested, child, second, or internal condition
    	statement(s)

If the code of a condition involves many lines of code, you can delimite its body with curly brackets:

if( condition1 )
{    
    if( condition2 )
    {
        statement(s)
    }
}

In the same way, you can nest one conditional statement in one, then nest that new one in another conditional statement, and so on. In a method, this can be formulated as follows:

if( condition1 )
    if( condition2 )
        if( condition3 )
            statement(s)

If a section of code is long, you can include its child code in curly brackets:

if( condition1 )
{    
    if( condition2 )
    {    
        if( condition3 )
		{
            statement(s)
        }
    }
}

Practical Learning: Introducing Boolean Conjunctions

1. Start Microsoft Visual Studio. On the Visual Studio 2019 dialog box, click Create a New Project
2. In the list of projects templates, click Windows Forms App (.NET Framework) (if Microsoft Visual Studio was already running, on the main menu, in the list of projects templates, click Windows Forms App (.NET Framework)
3. Click Next
4. Change the project Name to StockBrokerCompany1
5. Press Enter
6. In the Solution Explorer, right-click Form1 -> Rename
7. Type StocksProcessing (to get StocksProcessing.cs) and press Enter
8. Read the message box and click Yes
9. Design the form as follows:

   

   Control	(Name)	Text	TextAlign
   Label		Number of Shares:
   TextBox	txtNumberOfShares	0	Right
   Label		Price Per Share:
   TextBox	txtPricePerShare	0.00	Right
   Button	btnCalculate	Calculate
   Label		Principal
   TextBox	txtPrincipal		Right
   Label		Commission
   TextBox	txtCommission		Right
   Label		Total Investment:
   TextBox	txtTotalInvestment		Right

10. Double-click the Calculate button

Boolean Conjunctions

Remember that you can nest one condition in another condition as in:

if( condition1 )
    if( condition2 )
    statement(s)

Or:

if( condition1 )
{    
    if( condition2 )
    {
        statement(s)
    }
}

When you nest a condition, you are in fact indicating that "if condition1 verifies, then if condition2 verifies, do this...". The external condition must be verified first as being true or false (depending on how you wrote the conditional statement). If that first (the external) condition is true, the second (the internal) condition is checked. If the first (or external) condition is not valid, the second (the internal) condition is not evaluated. To support a simplified technique to apply this description, the C# language provides the Boolean "AND" operator, represented as &&. Its primary formula is:

condition1 && condition2

You must formulate each condition to produce a true or a false result. The result is as follows:

• If condition1 is true and condition2 is true, the whole expression produces a true result
• If either condition1 or condition2 is false (including if both are false), the whole expression produces a false result

The conjunction operation can be resumed as follows:

Condition 1	Contition 2	Condition 1 AND Condition 2
False	False	False
False	True	False
True	False	False
True	True	True

Practical Learning: Introducing Boolean Conjunctions

1. Implement the event as follows:

   using System;
   using System.Windows.Forms;
   
   namespace StockBrokerCompany1
   {
       public partial class StocksProcessing : Form
       {
           public StocksProcessing()
           {
               InitializeComponent();
           }
           private void btnCalculate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
           {
               double commission     = 0.00;
               int    numberOfShares = int.Parse(txtNumberOfShares.Text);
               double pricePerShare  = double.Parse(txtPricePerShare.Text);
   
   
               double principal = numberOfShares * pricePerShare;
   
               if (principal >= 0 && principal <= 2500)
                   commission = 26.25 + (principal * 0.0014);
   
               if (principal > 2500 && principal <= 6000)
                   commission = 45 + (principal * 0.0054);
   
               if (principal > 6000 && principal <= 20000)
                   commission = 60.00 + (principal * 0.0028);
   
               if (principal > 20000 && principal <= 50000)
                   commission = 75.00 + (principal * 0.001875);
   
               if (principal > 50000 && principal <= 500000)
                   commission = 131.25 + (principal * 0.0009);
   
               if (principal > 500000)
                   commission = 206.25 + (principal * 0.000075);
   
               txtPrincipal.Text = principal.ToString("F");
               txtCommission.Text = commission.ToString("F");
               txtTotalInvestment.Text = (principal + commission).ToString("F");
           }
       }
   }
   

2. To execute the application, on the main menu,, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging

   

3. In the Number of Shares text box, type a natural number such as 64788
4. In the Price Per Share text box, type a number such as 36.85

   

5. Click the Calculate button:

   

6. Close the form and return to your programming environment
7. To make your code easier to read, it is a good idea to include each Boolean operation in its own parentheses.
   For a few examples, access the StocksProcessing.cshtml file and change its document as follows:

   using System;
   using System.Windows.Forms;
   
   namespace StockBrokerCompany1
   {
       public partial class StocksProcessing : Form
       {
           public StocksProcessing()
           {
               InitializeComponent();
           }
           private void btnCalculate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
           {
               double commission     = 0.00;
               int    numberOfShares = int.Parse(txtNumberOfShares.Text);
               double pricePerShare  = double.Parse(txtPricePerShare.Text);
   
   
               double principal = numberOfShares * pricePerShare;
   
               if( (principal >= 0) && (principal <= 2500) )
                   commission = 26.25 + (principal * 0.0014);
   
               if( (principal > 2500) && (principal <= 6000) )
                   commission = 45 + (principal * 0.0054);
   
               if( (principal > 6000) && (principal <= 20000) )
                   commission = 60.00 + (principal * 0.0028);
   
               if( (principal > 20000) && (principal <= 50000) )
                   commission = 75.00 + (principal * 0.001875);
   
               if( (principal > 50000) && (principal <= 500000) )
                   commission = 131.25 + (principal * 0.0009);
   
               if( principal > 500000 )
                   commission = 206.25 + (principal * 0.000075);
   
               txtPrincipal.Text = principal.ToString("F");
               txtCommission.Text = commission.ToString("F");
               txtTotalInvestment.Text = (principal + commission).ToString("F");
           }
       }
   }

8. To execute the project, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging
9. Enter some values in the text boxes above the button
10. Click the Calculate button
11. After testing the webpage, close the form and return to your programming environment
12. On the main menu of Microsoft Visual Studio, click File -> New -> Project...
13. In the list of projects templates, click Windows Forms App (.NET Framework)
14. Click Next
15. Change the project Name to Chemistry06
16. Click Create
17. On the main menu, click Project -> Add Class...
18. Replace the name with Element
19. Click Add
20. Change the code as follows:

    namespace Chemistry06
    {
        public enum Phase
        {
            Gas,
            Liquid,
            Solid,
            Unknown
        }
    
        public class Element
        {
            public string Symbol       { get; set; }
            public string ElementName  { get; set; }
            public int AtomicNumber    { get; set; }
            public double AtomicWeight { get; set; }
            public Phase Phase         { get; set; }
    
            public Element()
            {
            }
    
            public Element(int number)
            {
                AtomicNumber = number;
            }
    
            public Element(string symbol)
            {
                Symbol = symbol;
            }
    
            public Element(int number, string symbol, string name, double mass, Phase phase)
            {
                ElementName  = name;
                AtomicWeight = mass;
                Phase        = phase;
                Symbol       = symbol;
                AtomicNumber = number;
            }
        }
    }

21. In the Solution Explorer, right-click Form1.cs -> Rename
22. Type Chemistry (to get Chemistry.cs) and press Enter
23. Read the message box and press Enter three times
24. Change the design of the form as follows:

    

    Control	(Name)	Text
    Label		Element Symbol:
    TextBox	txtElementSymbol
    Button	btnFind	Find
    GroupBox		Element Detais
    Label		Symbol:
    TextBox	txtSymbol
    Label		Atomic Number:
    TextBox	txtAtomicNumber
    Label		Element Name:
    TextBox	txtElementName
    Label		Atomic Weight:
    TextBox	txtAtomicWeight
    Label		Phase:
    TextBox	txtPhase

25. Double-click the Find button
26. Right-click inside the Code Editor and click Remove and Sort Usings

Combining Various Conjunctions

Depending on your goal, if two conditions are not enough, you can create as many conjunctions as you want. The formula to follow is:

condition1 && condition2 && condition3 && . . . && condition_n

When the expression is checked, if any of the operations is false, the whole operation is false. The only time the whole operation is true is if all of the operations are true.

Of course, you can nest a Boolean condition inside another conditional statement.

Boolean Disjunctions

Introduction

A Boolean disjunction is a conditional statement where you combine more than one condition but only one of the conditions needs to be true for the whole operation to be true. This operation is performed using the Boolean "OR" operator represented as ||. The primary formula to follow is:

condition1 || condition2

The operation works as follows:

• If at least one of the individual conditions is true (in this case, either condition1 or condition2), the whole operation produces a true result
• If all operations are false, only then will the whole operation produce a false result

The operation can be resumed as follows:

Condition 1	Contition 2	Condition 1 AND Condition 2	Condition 1 OR Condition 2
False	False	False	False
False	True	False	True
True	False	False	True
True	True	True	True

Practical Learning: Introducing Logical Disjunctions

1. Implement the event as follows:

   using System;
   using System.Windows.Forms;
   
   namespace Chemistry06
   {
       public partial class Chemistry : Form
       {
           public Chemistry()
           {
               InitializeComponent();
           }
   
           private void btnFind_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
           {
               Element h = new Element(1, "H", "Hydrogen", 1.008, Phase.Gas);
               Element b = new Element(5, "B", "Boron", 10.81, Phase.Solid);
               Element c = new Element(name: "Carbon", mass: 12.011, symbol: "C", number: 6, phase: Phase.Solid);
               Element n = new Element(7);
               n.Symbol = "N";
               n.AtomicWeight = 14.007;
               n.ElementName = "Nitrogen";
               n.Phase = Phase.Gas;
               Element o = new Element("O")
               {
                   AtomicNumber = 8,
                   ElementName = "Oxygen",
                   AtomicWeight = 15.999,
                   Phase = Phase.Gas
               };
               Element f = new Element("F")
               {
                   AtomicNumber = 9,
                   ElementName = "Fluorine",
                   AtomicWeight = 15.999,
                   Phase = Phase.Gas
               };
               Element p = new Element()
               {
                   ElementName  = "Phosphorus",
                   AtomicWeight = 30.973761998,
                   Symbol       = "P",
                   AtomicNumber = 15,
                   Phase        = Phase.Solid
               };
               Element s = new Element(16, "S", "Sulfur", 32.06, Phase.Solid);
               Element k  = new Element() { ElementName = "Potassium", Symbol = "K", Phase = Phase.Solid, AtomicWeight = 39.0983, AtomicNumber = 19 };
   
               Element selected;
               string symbol = txtElementSymbol.Text;
               
               if     ( (symbol == "h")  || (symbol == "H") ) { selected = h; }
               else if( (symbol == "b")  || (symbol == "B") ) { selected = b; }
               else if( (symbol == "c")  || (symbol == "C") ) { selected = c; }
               else if( (symbol == "n")  || (symbol == "N") ) { selected = n; }
               else if( (symbol == "o")  || (symbol == "O") ) { selected = o; }
               else if( (symbol == "F")  || (symbol == "f") ) { selected = f; }
               else if( (symbol == "P")  || (symbol == "p") ) { selected = p; }
               else if( (symbol == "S")  || (symbol == "s") ) { selected = s; }
               else if( (symbol == "k")  || (symbol == "K") ) { selected = k; }
   
               txtSymbol.Text = selected.Symbol;
               txtAtomicNumber.Text = selected.AtomicNumber.ToString();
               txtElementName.Text = selected.ElementName;
               txtAtomicWeight.Text = selected.AtomicWeight.ToString();
               txtPhase.Text = selected.Phase.ToString();
           }
       }
   }

2. To execute the project, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging:

   

3. In the top text box, type a chemical symbol that uses one letter such as B, O, C, F, K, H, N, P, or S:

   

4. Click the Find button:

   

5. Close the form and return to your programming environment

Combining Various Disjunctions

You can create a conditional statement that includes as many disjunctions as you want. The formula to follow is:

condition1 || condition2 || . . . || condition_n

The rule is the same: If any one of the individual operations is true, the whole operation is true. The whole operation is false only if all of the operations are false.

Practical Learning: Introducing Logical Disjunctions

1. Change the code as follows:

   using System;
   using System.Windows.Forms;
   
   namespace Chemistry06
   {
       public partial class Chemistry : Form
       {
           public Chemistry()
           {
               InitializeComponent();
           }
   
           private void btnFind_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
           {
               Element h = new Element(1, "H", "Hydrogen", 1.008, Phase.Gas);
               Element he = new Element(2, "He", "Helium", 4.002602, Phase.Gas);
               Element li = new Element(3, "Li", "Lithium", 6.94, Phase.Solid);
               Element be = new Element(4, "Be", "Beryllium", 9.0121831, Phase.Solid);
               Element b = new Element(5, "B", "Boron", 10.81, Phase.Solid);
               Element c = new Element(name: "Carbon", mass: 12.011, symbol: "C", number: 6, phase: Phase.Solid);
               Element n = new Element(7);
               n.Symbol = "N";
               n.AtomicWeight = 14.007;
               n.ElementName = "Nitrogen";
               n.Phase = Phase.Gas;
               Element o = new Element("O")
               {
                   AtomicNumber = 8,
                   ElementName = "Oxygen",
                   AtomicWeight = 15.999,
                   Phase = Phase.Gas
               };
               Element f = new Element("F")
               {
                   AtomicNumber = 9,
                   ElementName = "Fluorine",
                   AtomicWeight = 15.999,
                   Phase = Phase.Gas
               };
               Element ne = new Element("Ne")
               {
                   AtomicNumber = 10,
                   ElementName = "Neon",
                   AtomicWeight = 20.1797,
                   Phase = Phase.Gas
               };
               Element na = new Element(11, "Na", "Sodium", 22.98976928, Phase.Solid);
               Element mg = new Element(12, "Mg", "Magnesium", 24.305, Phase.Solid);
               Element al = new Element(13, "Al", "Aluminium", 26.9815385, Phase.Solid);
               Element si = new Element() { ElementName = "Silicon", AtomicWeight = 28.085, Symbol = "Si", AtomicNumber = 14, Phase = Phase.Solid };
               Element p = new Element()
               {
                   ElementName  = "Phosphorus",
                   AtomicWeight = 30.973761998,
                   Symbol       = "P",
                   AtomicNumber = 15,
                   Phase        = Phase.Solid
               };
               Element s = new Element(16, "S", "Sulfur", 32.06, Phase.Solid);
               Element cl = new Element() { Phase = Phase.Gas, AtomicWeight = 35.446, ElementName = "Chlorine", AtomicNumber = 17, Symbol = "Cl" };
               Element ar = new Element() { AtomicWeight = 39.792, Symbol = "Ar", Phase = Phase.Gas, ElementName = "Argon", AtomicNumber = 18 };
               Element k  = new Element() { ElementName = "Potassium", AtomicWeight = 39.0983, Symbol = "K", Phase = Phase.Solid, AtomicNumber = 19 };
   
               Element selected = new Element();
               string symbol = txtElementSymbol.Text;
               
               if      (symbol == "h"  || symbol == "H") { selected = h; }
               else if (symbol == "he" || symbol == "He" || symbol == "HE" || symbol == "hE") { selected = he; }
               else if (symbol == "li" || symbol == "Li" || symbol == "LI" || symbol == "lI") { selected = li; }
               else if (symbol == "be" || symbol == "Be" || symbol == "BE" || symbol == "bE") { selected = be; }
               else if (symbol == "b"  || symbol == "B") { selected = b; }
               else if (symbol == "c"  || symbol == "C") { selected = c; }
               else if (symbol == "n"  || symbol == "N") { selected = n; }
               else if (symbol == "o"  || symbol == "O") { selected = o; }
               else if (symbol == "F"  || symbol == "f") { selected = f; }
               else if (symbol == "ne" || symbol == "Ne" || symbol == "NE" || symbol == "nE") { selected = ne; }
               else if (symbol == "na" || symbol == "NA" || symbol == "Na" || symbol == "nA") { selected = na; }
               else if (symbol == "mg" || symbol == "Mg" || symbol == "MG" || symbol == "mG") { selected = mg; }
               else if (symbol == "al" || symbol == "Al" || symbol == "AL" || symbol == "aL") { selected = al; }
               else if (symbol == "si" || symbol == "Si" || symbol == "SI" || symbol == "sI") { selected = si; }
               else if (symbol == "P"  || symbol == "p") { selected = p; }
               else if (symbol == "S"  || symbol == "s") { selected = s; }
               else if (symbol == "CL" || symbol == "Cl" || symbol == "cL" || symbol == "cl") { selected = cl; }
               else if (symbol == "aR" || symbol == "AR" || symbol == "ar" || symbol == "Ar") { selected = ar; }
               else if (symbol == "k"  || symbol == "K") { selected = k;  }
   
               txtSymbol.Text = selected.Symbol;
               txtAtomicNumber.Text = selected.AtomicNumber.ToString();
               txtElementName.Text = selected.ElementName;
               txtAtomicWeight.Text = selected.AtomicWeight.ToString();
               txtPhase.Text = selected.Phase.ToString();
           }
       }
   }

2. To execute the project, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging:
3. In the top text box, type a chemical symbol such as Al, K, B, Be, C, Ar, F, Fl, H, Cl, He, Li, Mg, N, Na, Ne, Si, P, or S

   

4. Click the Find button:

   

5. Close the form and return to your programming environment
6. As mentioned for the conjunction, it is a good idea to include each Boolean operation in its parentheses.
   Access the Chemistry.cshtml file and change the code as follows:

   using System;
   using System.Windows.Forms;
   
   namespace Chemistry06
   {
       public partial class Chemistry : Form
       {
           public Chemistry()
           {
               InitializeComponent();
           }
   
           private void btnFind_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
           {
               Element h = new Element(1, "H", "Hydrogen", 1.008, Phase.Gas);
               Element he = new Element(2, "He", "Helium", 4.002602, Phase.Gas);
               Element li = new Element(3, "Li", "Lithium", 6.94, Phase.Solid);
               Element be = new Element(4, "Be", "Beryllium", 9.0121831, Phase.Solid);
               Element b = new Element(5, "B", "Boron", 10.81, Phase.Solid);
               Element c = new Element(name: "Carbon", mass: 12.011, symbol: "C", number: 6, phase: Phase.Solid);
               Element n = new Element(7);
               n.Symbol = "N";
               n.AtomicWeight = 14.007;
               n.ElementName = "Nitrogen";
               n.Phase = Phase.Gas;
               Element o = new Element("O")
               {
                   AtomicNumber = 8,
                   ElementName = "Oxygen",
                   AtomicWeight = 15.999,
                   Phase = Phase.Gas
               };
               Element f = new Element("F")
               {
                   AtomicNumber = 9,
                   ElementName = "Fluorine",
                   AtomicWeight = 15.999,
                   Phase = Phase.Gas
               };
               Element ne = new Element("Ne")
               {
                   AtomicNumber = 10,
                   ElementName = "Neon",
                   AtomicWeight = 20.1797,
                   Phase = Phase.Gas
               };
               Element na = new Element(11, "Na", "Sodium", 22.98976928, Phase.Solid);
               Element mg = new Element(12, "Mg", "Magnesium", 24.305, Phase.Solid);
               Element al = new Element(13, "Al", "Aluminium", 26.9815385, Phase.Solid);
               Element si = new Element() { ElementName = "Silicon", AtomicWeight = 28.085, Symbol = "Si", AtomicNumber = 14, Phase = Phase.Solid };
               Element p = new Element()
               {
                   ElementName  = "Phosphorus",
                   AtomicWeight = 30.973761998,
                   Symbol       = "P",
                   AtomicNumber = 15,
                   Phase        = Phase.Solid
               };
               Element s = new Element(16, "S", "Sulfur", 32.06, Phase.Solid);
               Element cl = new Element() { ElementName = "Chlorine", AtomicWeight = 35.446, Symbol = "Cl", AtomicNumber = 17, Phase = Phase.Gas };
               Element ar = new Element() { AtomicWeight = 39.792, Symbol = "Ar", Phase = Phase.Gas, ElementName = "Argon", AtomicNumber = 18 };
               Element k  = new Element() { ElementName = "Potassium", Phase = Phase.Solid, AtomicNumber = 19, AtomicWeight = 39.0983, Symbol = "K" };
               Element ca = new Element() { Symbol = "Ca", Phase = Phase.Solid, AtomicNumber = 20, ElementName = "Calcium", AtomicWeight = 40.078 };
   
               Element selected = new Element();
               string symbol = txtElementSymbol.Text;
               
               if     ( (symbol == "h")  || (symbol == "H") )                                          { selected = h;  }
               else if( (symbol == "he") || (symbol == "He") || (symbol == "HE") || (symbol == "hE") ) { selected = he; }
               else if( (symbol == "li") || (symbol == "Li") || (symbol == "LI") || (symbol == "lI") ) { selected = li; }
               else if( (symbol == "be") || (symbol == "Be") || (symbol == "BE") || (symbol == "bE") ) { selected = be; }
               else if( (symbol == "b")  || (symbol == "B") )                                          { selected = b;  }
               else if( (symbol == "c")  || (symbol == "C") )                                          { selected = c;  }
               else if( (symbol == "n")  || (symbol == "N") )                                          { selected = n;  }
               else if( (symbol == "o")  || (symbol == "O") )                                          { selected = o;  }
               else if( (symbol == "F")  || (symbol == "f") )                                          { selected = f;  }
               else if( (symbol == "ne") || (symbol == "Ne") || (symbol == "NE") || (symbol == "nE") ) { selected = ne; }
               else if( (symbol == "na") || (symbol == "NA") || (symbol == "Na") || (symbol == "nA") ) { selected = na; }
               else if( (symbol == "mg") || (symbol == "Mg") || (symbol == "MG") || (symbol == "mG") ) { selected = mg; }
               else if( (symbol == "al") || (symbol == "Al") || (symbol == "AL") || (symbol == "aL") ) { selected = al; }
               else if( (symbol == "si") || (symbol == "Si") || (symbol == "SI") || (symbol == "sI") ) { selected = si; }
               else if( (symbol == "P")  || (symbol == "p") )                                          { selected = p;  }
               else if( (symbol == "S")  || (symbol == "s") )                                          { selected = s;  }
               else if( (symbol == "CL") || (symbol == "Cl") || (symbol == "cL") || (symbol == "cl") ) { selected = cl; }
               else if( (symbol == "aR") || (symbol == "AR") || (symbol == "ar") || (symbol == "Ar") ) { selected = ar; }
               else if( (symbol == "k")  || (symbol == "K") )                                          { selected = k;  }
               else if ((symbol == "Ca") || (symbol == "cA") || (symbol == "CA") || (symbol == "ca")) { selected = ca; }
   
               txtSymbol.Text = selected.Symbol;
               txtAtomicNumber.Text = selected.AtomicNumber.ToString();
               txtElementName.Text = selected.ElementName;
               txtAtomicWeight.Text = selected.AtomicWeight.ToString();
               txtPhase.Text = selected.Phase.ToString();
           }
       }
   }

7. To execute the project, on the main menu, click Debug -> Start Without Debugging
8. In the top text box, type a chemical symbol such as S, Al, B, O, Be, C, F, Ca, Fl, H, Ar, He, Li, Mg, N, P, Na, K, Ne, Si, or Cl

   

9. Click the Find button:

   

10. Close the form and return to your programming environment

Combining Conjunctions and Disjunctions

Conjunctions and disjunctions can be used in the same expression. A conjunction (or disjunction) can be used to evaluate one sub-expression while a disjunction (or conjunction) can be used to evaluate another sub-expression.

Practical Learning: Ending the Lesson

• Close your programming environment

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